/* (c) 2000-2006 dret (http://dret.net/netdret/) this ltm document has been generated automatically from an xml document, before using it, please update from http://dret.net/glossary.ltm this ltm is generated from a source including more information than the ltm format can handle, so it is actually a *reduced* version of a topic map. to see the full topic map information, please visit the wilde's www online glossary's html pages at http://dret.net/glossary/ */ [dotnet : technology = ".NET"] [hdtv1080i : displaystd = "1080i";; "HDTV 1080 interlaced"] {hdtv1080i, description, [[A HDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 1080 by 1920 pixels. It is a 16:9 TV signal using interlaced build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [hdtv1080p : displaystd = "1080p";; "HDTV 1080 progressive"] {hdtv1080p, description, [[A HDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 1080 by 1920 pixels. It is a 16:9 TV signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [tv169 : concept = "16:9"] [firstnf : normalform = "1NF";; "First Normal Form"] [secondnf : normalform = "2NF";; "Second Normal Form"] [twopc : protocol = "2PC";; "Two-Phase Commit"] {twopc, description, [[A 2PC Protocol is used for implementing distributed transactions. It consists of a prepare phase (where the coordinator asks all peers to prepare for the completion phase and to cast votes, and then collects the answers) and a completion phase (where the transaction is either commited or aborted depending on the outcome of the prepare phase).]]} [tripledes : skc = "3DES";; "Triple DES"] [tripledese : protocol = "3DESE";; "Triple DES Encryption"] [thirdnf : normalform = "3NF";; "Third Normal Form"] [sdtv480i : displaystd = "480i";; "SDTV 480 interlaced"] {sdtv480i, description, [[A SDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 480 by 720 pixels. It is a 4:3 TV signal using interlaced build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [sdtv480p : displaystd = "480p";; "SDTV 480 progressive"] {sdtv480p, description, [[A SDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 480 by 720 pixels. It is a 4:3 TV signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [tv43 : concept = "4:3"] [fourthnf : normalform = "4NF";; "Fourth Normal Form"] [fiveone : surroundsound = "5.1"] [sdtv576i : displaystd = "576i";; "SDTV 576 interlaced"] {sdtv576i, description, [[A SDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 576 by 720 pixels. It is a 4:3 TV signal using interlaced build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [sdtv576p : displaystd = "576p";; "SDTV 576 progressive"] {sdtv576p, description, [[A SDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 576 by 720 pixels. It is a 4:3 TV signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [fifthnf : normalform = "5NF";; "Fifth Normal Form"] [sixone : surroundsound = "6.1"] [sixthnf : normalform = "6NF";; "Sixth Normal Form"] [sevenone : surroundsound = "7.1"] [hdtv720p : displaystd = "720p";; "HDTV 720 progressive"] {hdtv720p, description, [[A HDTV Display Standard referring to a TV signal with a resolution of up to 720 by 1280 pixels. It is a 16:9 TV signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines.]]} [aac : audiocompression = "AAC";; "Advanced Audio Coding"] {aac, description, [[AAC is one of two audio coding methods defined by the MPEG-2 standard. It is not backward compatible with MPEG-1 audio coding, which is why it is sometimes also referred to as the "non backward compatible" audio coding of MPEG-2. AAC provides more sophisticated audio coding than MPEG-2 BC audio coding (the other audio coding method of MPEG-2, better known as MP3), but it is not as widely spread.]]} [abnf : bnf = "ABNF";; "Augmented Backus-Naur Form"] {abnf, description, [[Internet technical specifications often need to define a format syntax and are free to employ whatever notation their authors deem useful. Over the years, a modified version of BNF, called ABNF, has been popular among many Internet specifications. It balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power.]]} [acap : protocol = "ACAP";; "Application Configuration Access Protocol"] [acap2 : protocol = "ACAP";; "Automated Content Access Protocol"] [ace : algorithm = "ACE";; "ASCII Compatible Encoding"] {ace, description, [[An ACE is a string of characters resulting from a particular Algorithm for transforming multilingual character information into an ASCII-based alphanumeric form acceptable by the existing DNS. This means that an ACE encoded string must conform to the LDH restrictions for strings.]]} [acelp : celp = "ACELP";; "Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction"] [acid : concept = "ACID";; "Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability"] {acid, description, [[ACID properties for transactions are required in most DBMSs. However, ACID properties for transactions alone do not guarantee a reliable DBMS, other factors such as reliability of the operating environment and backup strategies are also very important.]]} [acl : ac = "ACL";; "Access Control List"] [acm : organization = "ACM";; "Association for Computing Machinery"] [ado : technology = "ADO";; "ActiveX Data Objects"] [adpcm : pcm = "ADPCM";; "Adaptive Differential PCM"] [adsl : dsl = "ADSL";; "Asymmetric DSL"] [adt : concept = "ADT";; "Abstract Data Type"] {adt, description, [[An ADT is a formally specified set of values and associated operations, independent from any particular implementation. ADTs are one of the foundations of OO, because they formalize the notion of "information hiding" or "encapsulation", which hides the implementation of an ADT (i.e., a class) behind its interface.]]} [aea : skc = "AEA";; "Advanced Encryption Algorithm"] [aes : skc = "AES";; "Advanced Encryption Standard"] {aes, description, [[AES is the replacement of DES, because recent research and attacks have shown that DES is not as safe as necessary for some applications. AES has been chosen from a number of candidates based on criteria such as efficiency, robustness, and cryptographical safety.]]} [afs : dfs = "AFS";; "Andrew File System"] [agp : hwinterface = "AGP";; "Accelerated Graphics Port"] {agp, status, [[In 2004, AGP (together with the PCI Hardware Interface) has been replaced by the more powerful PCIe.]]} [agppro : agp = "AGP Pro"] {agppro, description, [[AGP Pro is a Hardware Interface for high-power graphics cards which can deliver more electrical power than the standard AGP Hardware Interface.]]} [ah : topic = "AH";; "Authentication Header"] [ahah : product = "AHAH";; "Asychronous HTML and HTTP"] [aiff : audioformat = "AIFF";; "Audio Interchange File Format"] {aiff, description, [[AIFF is a proprietary Audio Format developed by Apple. The format can store monaural or multichannel sampled sounds in a range of sample rates and sample resolutions. Although originally AIFF did not support compressed audio data, a new version of the format called AIFF-C has been defined which allows compression.]]} [aiffc : audioformat = "AIFF-C";; "AIFF Compressed"] {aiffc, description, [[AIFF-C is an extended version of Apple's AIFF Audio Format. It incorporates compression features, which have not been included in the original AIFF Audio Format.]]} [aiim : organization = "AIIM";; "Association for Information and Image Management"] [aim : imsystem = "AIM";; "AOL Instant Messenger"] [aiml : topic = "AIML";; "Artificial Intelligence Markup Language"] [air : riaruntime = "AIR";; "Adobe Integrated Runtime"] [ajax : riaruntime = "AJAX";; "Asynchronous JavaScript and XML"] {ajax, description, [[AJAX refers to the principle of using scripting to interact with an HTTP Server at some time other than the usual page navigation (initiated by clicking a link). Combined with DHTML techniques, AJAX can update parts of an HTML document without having to reload the complete document. AJAX can provide a better user experience, because the traditional scheme of WWW navigation can be extended to provide users with a more direct feedback. AJAX allows classical desktop application interactions such as drag&drop and auto-completion.]]} [ajaxlink : product = "AJAXLink"] [ajaxslt : xsltprocessor = "AJAXSLT"] [aka : algorithm = "AKA";; "Authentication and Key Agreement"] [alc : protocol = "ALC";; "Asynchronous Layered Coding"] [amd : company = "AMD"] [amqp : protocol = "AMQP";; "Advanced Message Queuing Protocol"] [amr : audiocompression = "AMR";; "Adaptive Multi Rate"] [ansi : nationalorganization = "ANSI";; "American National Standards Institute"] {ansi, description, [[ANSI, founded in 1918, does not itself develop American National Standards; rather it facilitates development by establishing consensus among qualified groups. The Institute ensures that its guiding principles (consensus, due process, and openness) are followed by the more than 175 distinct entities currently accredited. ANSI promotes the use of US standards internationally, advocates US policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where these meet the needs of the user community.]]} [antlr : parsergenerator = "ANTLR";; "Another Tool for Language Recognition"] [aol : company = "AOL";; "Amercia Online"] [aop : concept = "AOP";; "Aspect-Oriented Programming"] [api : interface = "API";; "Application Programming Interface"] {api, description, [[An API is an Interface which is used for accessing an application or a service from a program. An API makes it possible to use programs from within programs, therefore it is the foundation for modular systems with clearly defined Interfaces between separate components. In a way, an API can be regarded as the local equivalent of a Protocol, because it is used for the same purposes and defines the same things (the possible interactions between components, and the data that is exchanged while interacting). However, traditionally APIs are used for Interfaces on one computer, while Protocols are used for distributed scenarios.]]} [apng : imageformat = "APNG";; "Animated Portable Network Graphics"] [apop : emailprotocol = "APOP";; "Authenticated Post Office Protocol"] [arp : resprotocol = "ARP";; "Address Resolution Protocol"] [arpa : nationalorganization = "ARPA";; "Advanced Research Projects Agency"] [arpanet : topic = "ARPANET"] {arpanet, description, [[The ARPANET is the precursor to the Internet. It was established through an ARPA-funded research program in 1968 and provided the foundation of the Internet by providing the Protocols as well as the infrastructure. The original ARPANET grew into the Internet.]]} [asa : organization = "ASA";; "American Standards Association"] [asap : protocol = "ASAP";; "Asynchronous Service Access Protocol"] [ascii : characterset = "ASCII";; "American National Standard Code for Information Interchange"] {ascii, description, [[ASCII specifies the coding of space and a set of 94 characters (letters, digits and punctuation or mathematical symbols) suitable for the interchange of english language documents. ASCII forms the basis for most computer code sets and is the american national version of ISO 646.]]} [asf : videoformat audioformat = "ASF";; "Advanced Streaming Format"] {asf, status, [[The intent is that in the long run ASF will replace the older AVI format.]]} {asf, description, [[Microsoft's ASF is an extensible file format designed to store synchronized multimedia data. It supports data delivery over a wide variety of networks and protocols while still proving suitable for local playback. The explicit goal of ASF is to provide a basis for industry-wide multimedia interoperability. Each ASF file is composed of one or more media streams. The file header specifies the properties of the entire file, along with stream-specific properties. Multimedia data, stored after the file header, references a particular media stream number to indicate its type and purpose. The delivery and presentation of all media stream data is synchronized to a common time-line. ASF's functionality is similar to the one provided by Apple's QuickTime.]]} [asn1 : dataformat = "ASN.1";; "Abstract Syntax Notation One"] {asn1, description, [[ASN.1 defines a method for the specification and encoding of arbitrary data structures. ASN.1 is part of the OSI model of protocol layers, it is located within the "presentation layer" (layer 6). The approach of ASN.1 is to define an abstract syntax for the specification of structured data, and encoding rules for transforming structured data into a binary representation (which can then be exchanged). BER is the oldest encoding for ASN.1, and a subset of it (known as DER) is used for X.509 Certificates.]]} [asp2 : concept = "ASP";; "Application Service Provider"] {asp2, description, [[An ASP is providing an application to be used by ASP customers. In contrast to traditional software distribution, the software that provides the service is run by the ASP, and it is accessed remotely (and thus never downloaded or installed) by the customers. A common way for providing such services is over the WWW, where the application is accessed via various HTML pages which in their entirety make up the GUI. One of the best known ASPs is HotMail, which makes an Email application available over the WWW.]]} [asp : serversidetechnology = "ASP";; "Active Server Pages"] [ata : hwinterface = "ATA";; "AT Attachment"] [atag : technology = "ATAG";; "Authouring Tools Accessibility Guidelines"] [atapi : hwinterface = "ATAPI";; "ATA Packet Interface"] [atm : wan = "ATM";; "Asynchronous Transfer Mode"] [atmforum : consortium = "ATM Forum"] [atrac : audiocompression = "ATRAC";; "Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding"] [atv : tv = "ATV";; "Analog Television"] [auiml : dataformat = "AUIML";; "Abstract User Interface Markup Language"] {auiml, description, [[AUIML is an XML dialect that is a platform and a technology-neutral representation of panels, wizards, property sheets, etc. AUIML captures relative positioning information of GUI components and delegates their display to a platform-specific renderer. Depending on the platform or device being used, the renderer decides the best way to present the GUI to the user and receive user input. AUIML allows developers to write an application once and run it in Swing or on the WWW without any changes.]]} [avi : audioformat videoformat = "AVI";; "Audio Video Interleave"] {avi, status, [[Microsoft's ASF is a newer format which has been designed to eventually replace AVI.]]} {avi, description, [[Microsoft's AVI file format is used for storing audio and/or video information. It is a common format for audio and video files within PC environments. Being a proprietary technology, AVI can be functionally compared to Apple's QuickTime.]]} [awt : technology = "AWT";; "Abstract Windowing Toolkit"] [axis : topic = "AXIS";; "A XML Schema Integration System"] [ac : concept = "Access Control"] [achievement : topic = "Achievement"] {achievement, description, [[The Achievement is a base topic for topics describing a general technical achievement.]]} [actionscript : programminglanguage = "ActionScript"] [activex : technology = "ActiveX"] {activex, description, [[ActiveX is the name Microsoft has given to a set of object-oriented concepts, technologies, and tools. It is important to notice that ActiveX is not a specific technology, but a brand name, what it's applied to can vary over time. However, the main technology is COM. Used in a network with a directory and additional support, COM becomes the DCOM. The main object that is created when writing a program to run in the ActiveX environment is a component, a self-sufficient program that can be run anywhere in the ActiveX network. This component is known as an "ActiveX control". An ActiveX control is roughly equivalent to a applet. One important difference is that an ActiveX control must be compiled for a specific platform, while an applet is platform-independent.]]} [adobe : company = "Adobe"] [aldus : company = "Aldus"] [algorithm : concept = "Algorithm"] [altavista : searchengine = "AltaVista"] [altova : company = "Altova"] [amaya : browser = "Amaya"] [annotea : ohs = "Annotea"] [apachehttp : product = "Apache HTTP Server"] [apachesoftware : topic = "Apache Software Foundation"] {apachesoftware, description, [[The Apache Software Foundation is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust, commercial-grade, feature-full, and freely-available source code implementation of an HTTP Server. The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world, using the Internet and the WWW to communicate, plan, and develop the Server and its related documentation. In addition, hundreds of users have contributed ideas, code, and documentation to the project. In addition to the well-known and established Apache HTTP Server, the Cocoon project aims at developing a next-generation HTTP Server integrating XML technologies.]]} [apollo : riaruntime = "Apollo"] [apple : company = "Apple"] [atom : dataformat = "Atom"] {atom, description, [[Atom defines a feed Data Format for representing and a Protocol for editing WWW resources such as Blogs, online journals, Wikis, and similar content. The feed Data Format enables syndication; that is, provision of a channel of information by representing multiple resources in a single document (similar to RSS). The editing Protocol enables agents to interact with resources by nominating a way of using existing WWW standards in a pattern.]]} [atompub : protocol = "AtomPub";; "Atom Publishing Protocol"] [audiocompression : compression = "Audio Compression"] {audiocompression, description, [[The Audio Compression is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing audio.]]} [audioformat : dataformat = "Audio Format"] {audioformat, description, [[The Audio Format is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of audio.]]} [authml : dataformat = "AuthML";; "Authentication Markup Language"] {authml, status, [[AuthML is no longer under development and has been merged with the S2ML effort into SAML.]]} [authentication : concept = "Authentication"] {authentication, description, [[Authentication is the process of verifying the authenticity of the claimed identity of a peer, often through mechanisms such as passwords. After successful Authentication, Authorization methods are often used to grant or deny certain rights to the peer.]]} [authorization : concept = "Authorization"] {authorization, description, [[Authorization is the process of controlling whether the identity of a peer (often verified through an Authentication procedure) is authorized to perform a requested operation.]]} [apacheaxis : product = "Axis"] [b2b : concept = "B2B";; "Business-to-Business"] {b2b, description, [[B2B is the use of computer applications communicating over networks to allow businesses to complete a transaction or part of a transaction. In contrast to B2C, B2B describes the interaction of businesses. While the amount of B2C transactions using WWW-based technologies (often called online shopping) exceeds the amount B2B transactions, the total value of the B2B transactions is much larger than that of the B2C transactions, because typically B2B transactions are of much greater value than B2C transactions.]]} [b2c : concept = "B2C";; "Business-to-Consumer"] [bbeb : textformat = "BBeB";; "Broadband eBook"] [bc : audiocompression = "BC";; "Backward Compatible"] {bc, description, [[BC audio coding is one of two audio coding methods defined by the MPEG-2 standard. It is backward compatible with MPEG-1 audio coding. BC is comprised of three different and increasingly complex layers, and if all three layers are used, it is the audio coding most commonly referred to as MP3. MPEG-2 also defines a non backward compatible audio coding, which is known as AAC.]]} [bcnf : normalform = "BCNF";; "Boyce-Codd Normal Form"] [bea : company = "BEA Systems"] [beep : protocol = "BEEP";; "Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol"] [ber : dataformat = "BER";; "Basic Encoding Rules"] [bgp : routingprotocol = "BGP";; "Border Gateway Protocol"] [bind : product = "BIND";; "Berkeley Internet Name Domain"] {bind, description, [[BIND implements an Internet name server. It consists of a server and a resolver library. BIND is an implementation of DNS, both Server and Client. Development of BIND is funded by the ISC. BIND has been ported to Windows and VMS, but is most often found on Unix. BIND source code is freely available and very complex; most of the development on the DNS Protocols is based on this code; and most Unix vendors ship BIND-derived DNS implementations. As a result, the BIND name server is the most widely used name server on the Internet.]]} [bios : technology = "BIOS";; "Basic Input/Output System"] [bloat : protocol = "BLOAT";; "Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport"] [blob : concept = "BLOB";; "Binary Large Object"] {blob, description, [[A BLOB is a concept for storing large quantities of unstructured data in a DBMS. A BLOB is unstructured as seen from the perspective of the DBMS's Data Model, but it often has some well-known internal structure (for example a particular Image Format when storing images in a DBMS).]]} [isobmp : ccs = "BMP";; "Basic Multilingual Plane"] [bmp : imageformat = "BMP"] [bnc : hwinterface = "BNC";; "British Naval Connector"] [bnf : dataformat = "BNF";; "Backus-Naur Form"] {bnf, description, [[BNF is a formal meta-syntax used to express context-free Grammars. BNF is one of the most commonly used meta-syntactic notation s for specifying the syntax of programming languages, command sets, PDUs, and similar things. However, pure BNF is rather limited, so the two variations EBNF and ABNF have become more popular.]]} [bom1 : topic = "BOM";; "Byte Order Mark"] [bom2 : api = "BOM";; "Browser Object Model"] [bpel : dataformat = "BPEL";; "Business Process Execution Language"] [bpel4ws : dataformat = "BPEL4WS";; "Business Process Execution Language for Web Services"] {bpel4ws, status, [[BPEL4WS represents the uniting of two previously competing standards: WSFL from IBM, and Microsoft's XLANG.]]} [bpmi : organization = "BPMI";; "Business Process Management Initiative"] [bpml : dataformat = "BPML";; "Business Process Modelling Language"] [brace : characterset = "BRACE";; "Bi-mode Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding"] [bre : regex = "BRE";; "Basic Regular Expression"] [brew : runtime = "BREW";; "Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless"] [brql : querylanguage = "BRQL";; "Bristol RDF Query Language"] {brql, status, [[On , BRQL has been renamed to SPARQL.]]} [bss : topic = "BSS";; "Basic Service Set"] [btp : technology = "BTP";; "Business Transaction Protocol"] [bxxp : protocol = "BXXP";; "Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol"] [base16 : dataformat = "Base16"] [base32 : dataformat = "Base32"] [base64 : dataformat = "Base64"] {base64, description, [[Base64 encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that need not be humanly readable. The encoding and decoding Algorithms are simple, but the encoded data are consistently only about 33 percent larger than the unencoded data. In Base64, a 65-character subset of ASCII is used, enabling 6 bits to be represented per printable character. Base64 is virtually identical to the encoding used in PEM applications.]]} [bauth : algorithm = "Basic Authentication"] [baudot : characterset = "Baudot"] [bibtex : bibliographicmetadata = "BibTeX"] {bibtex, description, [[BibTeX is a simple but popular Data Format and program for storing and processing bibliographic references. In almost all cases it is used together with LaTeX, but it can also be used to create other kinds of output.]]} [bibtexml : bibliographicmetadata = "BibTeXML";; "BibTeX Markup Language"] {bibtexml, description, [[BibTeXML is an XML representation for BibTeX data. The advantage of BibTeXML over the standard BibTeX format is the availability of tools for processing XML data in general, and the ease of integration of BibTeXML into an XML-based environment.]]} [biblioml : dataformat = "BiblioML"] [bibliographicmetadata : metadata = "Bibliographic Meta Data"] {bibliographicmetadata, description, [[Bibliographic Meta Data is Meta Data about bibliographic data, in most cases about resources commonly found in libraries.]]} [blog : concept = "Blog";; "Weblog"] {blog, description, [[A Blog is a constantly changing WWW site which is updated with news and/or comments. Blog often contain many links to other WWW resources and can thus serve as a useful help for locating information about a subject. Blog may have not any focus at all, or they may concentrate around selected areas of personal or professional interest.]]} [bluetooth : wlinterface = "Bluetooth"] [body : topic = "Body"] {body, description, [[The Body is a base topic for topics describing a single person or a body consisting of several persons.]]} [bridge : concept = "Bridge"] {bridge, description, [[A Bridge is a device that connects networks segments on the data link layer of the network. Related to Bridges are Repeaters, Routers, and Gateways, which also connect network segments, but on different layers of the networking architecture.]]} [browser : httpclient ui = "Browser"] {browser, description, [[The Browser is a base topic for topics describing programs which are a HTTP Client and provide a UI for browsing through the WWW. A Browser communicates with an HTTP Server.]]} [c : programminglanguage = "C"] [csharp : programminglanguage = "C#"] [cplusplus : programminglanguage = "C++"] [conceptualxml : modelinglanguage = "C-XML";; "Conceptual XML"] [ca : concept = "CA";; "Certification Authority"] {ca, description, [[A CA is an authority trusted by one or more users to create and assign Certificates. Optionally the CA may create the user's keys. It is important to note that the CA is responsible for the Certificates during their whole lifetime, not just for issuing them.]]} [cals : topic = "CALS";; "Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistic Support"] [calstable : topic = "CALS Tables"] [cam : dataformat = "CAM";; "Content Assembly Mechanism"] [canmarc : bibliographicmetadata = "CANMARC"] [cap : protocol = "CAP";; "Calendar Access Protocol"] [captcha : concept = "CAPTCHA";; "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart"] [cbeff : dataformat = "CBEFF";; "Common Biometric Exchange File Format"] [cbl : technology = "CBL";; "Common Business Library"] {cbl, status, [[CBL was a research project aimed at testing how good XML could be used as a foundation for E-Commerce. It has been replaced by the newer xCBL Technology.]]} [ccpp : topic = "CC/PP";; "Composite Capabilities/Preferences Profiles"] [ccitt : internationalorganization = "CCITT";; "Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony"] {ccitt, description, [[Former name of the ITU before it was renamed in 1993.]]} [ccl : querylanguage = "CCL";; "Common Command Language"] [ccm : componentmodel = "CCM";; "CORBA Component Model"] [ccp : protocol = "CCP";; "Compression Control Protocol"] [ccs : concept = "CCS";; "Coded Character Set"] {ccs, description, [[A CCS identifies a set of characters that are relevant and should be identifiable for some Character Set. It does not, however, specify the actual encoding of these characters, which is done by one or more CESs.]]} [cd : ostorage = "CD";; "Compact Disc"] [cdda : cd audioformat = "CD-DA";; "CD Digital Audio"] [cdr1 : cd = "CD-R";; "CD Recordable"] [cdrom : cd = "CD-ROM"] [cdrw : cd = "CD-RW";; "CD Rewritable"] [cdf : dataformat = "CDF";; "Channel Definition Format"] {cdf, status, [[CDF is not used in practice anymore, and has been replaced by RSS, which has been designed for the same application area.]]} [cdma : multiplex = "CDMA";; "Code Division Multiple Access"] [cdmf : topic = "CDMF";; "Commercial Data Masking Facility"] [cdpd : wlinterface = "CDPD";; "Cellular Digital Packet Data"] [cdr2 : dataformat = "CDR";; "Common Data Representation"] [cduce : programminglanguage = "CDuce"] [cel : dataformat = "CEL";; "Contract Expression Language"] [celp : audiocompression = "CELP";; "Code Excited Linear Prediction"] [cer : dataformat = "CER";; "Canonical Encoding Rules"] [cert : topic = "CERT";; "Computer Emergency Response Team"] [ces : dataformat = "CES";; "Character Encoding Scheme"] {ces, description, [[A CES defines a mapping from a given set of characters (the CCS) to encoded forms of the characters. Thus, there can be multiple CESs for one CCS.]]} [cf : flashrom = "CF";; "CompactFlash"] [cfa : organization = "CFA";; "CompactFlash Association"] [cfs : lfs = "CFS";; "Cryptographic File System"] [cg : metadata = "CG";; "Conceptual Graphs"] [cga : displaystd = "CGA";; "Color Graphics Adapter"] {cga, description, [[A Display Standard referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 320 by 200 pixels.]]} [cgi : api = "CGI";; "Common Gateway Interface"] {cgi, description, [[CGI is an API for interfacing external applications with information Servers, such as an HTTP Server. CGI can be used with any Programming Language. A plain HTML document that the HTTP Server retrieves upon a request is static, which means it exists in a constant state, for example as a text file that does not change. A CGI program, on the other hand, is executed in real-time, so that it can generate dynamic information.]]} [cgm : graphicsformat = "CGM";; "Computer Graphics Metafile"] {cgm, description, [[CGM is a machine and Operating System independent interchange format that provides elements to represent geometric graphics (e.g., polygons or circles) and raster graphics (e.g., pixel arrays). It consists of a functional specification and multiple encodings for different purposes. There are three standardized encodings for CGM, clear-text, character and binary. Clear-text is human-readable. Character encoding is more compact, but still uses ASCII characters, so that it can be interchanged without Protocol problems. The binary encoding is more compact still, and quick to encode and decode, but completely unreadable.]]} [cgmopen : consortium = "CGM Open"] [chap : protocol = "CHAP";; "Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol"] [chm : dataformat = "CHM";; "Compiled HTML Help Format"] [ciff : imageformat = "CIFF";; "Camera Image File Format"] {ciff, status, [[CIFF is not in use anymore and is replaced by DCF and Exif.]]} [ciffforum : organization = "CIFF Forum"] [cifs : dfs = "CIFS";; "Common Internet File System"] [cim : topic = "CIM";; "Common Information Model"] [circ : dataformat = "CIRC";; "Cross Interleaved Reed Solomon Code"] [cldap : protocol = "CLDAP";; "Connection-less LDAP"] [clei : identifier = "CLEI";; "Common Language Equipment Identifier"] [clf : dataformat = "CLF";; "Common Log Format"] {clf, description, [[CLF is a log file Data Format for HTTP Servers, containing information about the host, identification of the user (if available), authorized user-name (if available), date, the request line itself, and the returned status and number of bytes. Although most HTTP Servers can be configured to produce other Data Formats of log files, many tools exist to analyze CLF files, so custom log file Data Formats should only be used if absolutely necessary.]]} [cli : api = "CLI";; "Call Level Interface"] [clix : xmlschemalanguage = "CLIX";; "Constraint Language in XML"] [cmc : protocol = "CMC";; "Certificate Management protocol using CMS"] [cms : concept = "CMS";; "Cryptographic Message Syntax"] {cms, description, [[CMS is used to digitally sign or encrypt arbitrary messages. CMS describes an encapsulation syntax for data protection. It supports digital signatures and Encryption. The syntax allows multiple encapsulation, so one encapsulation envelope can be nested inside another. Likewise, one party can digitally sign some previously encapsulated data. It also allows arbitrary attributes, such as signing time, to be authenticated along with the message content, and provides for other attributes such as counter-signatures to be associated with a signature.]]} [cmy : colorspace = "CMY";; "Cyan Magenta Yellow"] [cmyk : colorspace = "CMYK";; "Cyan Magenta Yellow Key"] [cnrp : resprotocol = "CNRP";; "Common Name Resolution Protocol"] [com : componentmodel = "COM";; "Component Object Model"] {com, description, [[Microsoft's COM is a software architecture that allows applications to be built from binary software components. COM is the underlying architecture that forms the foundation for higher-level software services, like those provided by OLE. COM defines a binary standard for function calling between components, a way for components to dynamically discover the interfaces implemented by other components, and a mechanism to identify components and their interfaces uniquely.]]} [corba : framework = "CORBA";; "Common Object Request Broker Architecture"] {corba, description, [[CORBA describes the architecture of a middleware platform that supports the implementation of applications in distributed and heterogeneous environments. The CORBA standard is issued by OMG. In contrast to other middleware platforms such as Microsoft's DCOM, CORBA is a specification that does not prescribe any specific technology.]]} [core : consortium = "CORE";; "Council of Registrars"] [coins : dataformat = "COinS";; "Context Objects in Spans"] [cpm : product os = "CP/M";; "Control Program for Microprocessors"] [cpim : protocol = "CPIM";; "Common Presence and Instant Messaging"] [cpp : topic = "CPP";; "Common Profile for Presence"] [cppm : topic = "CPPM";; "Content Protection for Pre-recorded Media"] [cql : querylanguage = "CQL";; "Common Query Language"] [crc : hash = "CRC";; "Cyclic Redundancy Check"] [crdl : xmlschemalanguage = "CRDL";; "Character Repertoire Description Language"] [crf : group = "CRF";; "Content Reference Forum"] [crisp : protocol = "CRISP";; "Cross Registry Internet Service Protocol"] [crl : concept = "CRL";; "Certificate Revocation List"] [crm : topic = "CRM";; "Customer Relationship Management"] [crt : display = "CRT";; "Cathode Ray Tube"] [crvl : xmlschemalanguage = "CRVL";; "Character Repertoire Validation Language"] [crvx : xmlschemalanguage = "CRVX";; "Character Repertoire Validation for XML"] {crvx, description, [[XML Schema Languages cover different areas of XML schema aspects, such as Grammar-based schemas (e.g., DTD and XSD and rule-based schemas (e.g., Schematron). CRVX is a specialized and simple schema language for specifying character repertoire constraints for XML documents. It is meant as a complement for other schema languages which are often geared towards structural constraints for XML documents. CRVX is based on the Unicode character set which is the foundation of XML.]]} [cscw : concept = "CSCW";; "Computer Supported Cooperative Work"] [csma : protocol = "CSMA";; "Carrier Sense Multiple Access"] [csmacd : csma = "CSMA/CD";; "Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection"] [dvdcss : topic = "CSS";; "Content Scrambling System"] [css : stylesheetlanguage = "CSS";; "Cascading Style Sheets"] {css, description, [[CSS is a Style Sheet Language which has been primarily designed for HTML, even though it can also be used for XML documents. While HTML should be used to define the contents of a WWW page, CSS is the language for specifying the presentation aspects of it. The two main advantages of HTML with CSS over HTML without CSS are the clear separation of content and presentation (which makes the automated processing of WWW pages much easier and also enables users to apply their own style sheets instead of the defaults provided by their Browser or a WWW page's designer), and the greatly enhanced formatting capabilities with CSS.]]} [cssom : api = "CSS-OM";; "CSS Object Model"] {cssom, description, [[CSS-OM is a model of how CSS style sheets can be accessed and manipulated through a DOM interface. CSS-OM thus is relevant for both CSS and DOM, and is important if CSS should be accessed and manipulated from within an application.]]} [cssp : css = "CSS-P";; "Cascading Style Sheets Positioning"] {cssp, status, [[W3C decided to incorporate the functionality of CSS-P into CSS2. Consequently, CSS2 contains absolute positioning and layering, and (apart from the working draft of Netscape Communications's original submission) there is no official CSS-P recommendation.]]} {cssp, description, [[In the first implementation of CSS in Netscape Communications's Navigator, additional functionality was included which added absolute positioning and layering to the initial CSS1 specification. Netscape Communications submitted a working draft as a proposal for these positioning features to W3C.]]} [css1 : css = "CSS1";; "Cascading Style Sheets, Level 1"] [dvdcss2 : topic = "CSS2";; "Content Scrambling System 2"] [css2 : css = "CSS2";; "Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2"] [css3 : css = "CSS3";; "Cascading Style Sheets, Level 3"] [csv : dataformat = "CSV";; "Comma-Separated Values"] {csv, description, [[The CSV Data Format is the least common denominator for exchanging structured information. It is a simple text-based format, where values are separated by commas, and individual records are encoded on individual lines. Quotes may be used to enclose the values (but they must not be used). Each line contains the same number of values.]]} [cttm : product = "CTTM";; "Conference Time-Table Management"] [curie : identifier = "CURIE";; "Compact URI"] [cve : topic = "CVE";; "Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures"] [cwm : technology = "CWM";; "Common Warehouse Metamodel"] [cxer : normalform = "CXER";; "Canonical XML Encoding Rules"] [cache : concept = "Cache"] [caldav : protocol = "CalDAV";; "Calendar Distributed Authoring and Versioning"] [canonicalxml : normalform = "Canonical XML"] {canonicalxml, description, [[Canonical XML refers to XML that is in canonical form. XML canonicalization is a process that generates the Canonical XML of a given XML document. XML specifies the syntax of XML documents. XML Namespaces specifies additional syntax and semantics for XML documents. Because of the syntax of XML, it is possible for XML documents which are equivalent for the purposes of many applications to differ in physical representation. For example, they may differ in whitespace occurrences, their entity structure, attribute ordering, and character encoding. Canonical XML establishes a method for determining whether two documents are identical, or whether an application has not changed a document, except for transformations permitted by XML and XML Namespaces.]]} [certificate : concept = "Certificate"] {certificate, description, [[Certificates are digital documents attesting to the binding of a public key to an individual or other entity. They allow verification of the claim that a given public key does in fact belong to a given individual. Certificates help prevent someone from using a phony key to impersonate someone else. In their simplest form, Certificates contain a public key and a name. As commonly used, a Certificate also contains an expiration date, the name of the CA that issued the Certificate, a serial number, and perhaps other information. Most importantly, it contains the digital signature of the certificate issuer. The most widely accepted format for certificates is X.509, thus, Certificates can be read or written by any application complying with X.509.]]} [certsystem : concept = "Certification System"] [characterset : concept = "Character Set"] {characterset, description, [[A Character Set is defining a set of characters and their encoding. Newer standards (such as Unicode) separate these issues by defining the set of characters (CCS) and their encoding (CES) separately, but in many cases (such as the popular ASCII Character Set), the characters and their encoding are defined in a single step.]]} [chunk : dataformat = "Chunked Encoding"] {chunk, description, [[With the introduction of persistent connections in HTTP/1.1, the length of a resource which is sent in a response can no longer be implicitly signaled by closing the connection. However, for the majority of resources, the length is known in advance and can be given in the HTTP's Content-Length header field. For all other resources (such as dynamically created content), Chunked Encoding can be used. Chunked Encoding transfers the message body as a sequence of chunks of known length.]]} [cisco : company = "Cisco Systems"] [client : technology = "Client"] {client, description, [[The Client is a base topic for topics describing clients. A Client is one component in the Client/Server-Model and contacts a Server for requesting a service of some kind.]]} [clientsidetechnology : technology = "Client Side Technology"] {clientsidetechnology, description, [[The Client Side Technology is a base topic for topics describing a Technology which is used on the Client side of a scenario based on the Client/Server-Model.]]} [clientserver : concept = "Client/Server-Model"] {clientserver, description, [[The Client/Server-Model is a base topic for topics describing models of interacting Clients and Servers. In the Client/Server-Model, a Server waits for requests from Clients, and after receiving such a request, the Server processes it and send a response. The communication between the two peers is based on a Protocol, which is defining the possible interaction patterns and the information being exchanged.]]} [codex : modelinglanguage = "CoDEX";; "Conceptual Design and Evolution of XML Schemas"] [cocoon : product = "Cocoon"] {cocoon, description, [[Cocoon is an XML publishing framework based on XSLT. Designed for performance and scalability around pipelined SAX processing, Cocoon offers a flexible environment based on the separation of content, logic, and style. Cocoon's centralized configuration system and caching are designed to create, deploy, and maintain scalable XML applications. Cocoon interacts with most data sources, including File Systems, RDBMSs, LDAP, XDBMSs , and network-based data sources. It adapts content delivery to the capabilities of different output formats such as HTML, WML, PDF, SVG, RTF, and others. Cocoon can be executed as a servlet as well as through a command line interface.]]} [codec : concept = "Codec";; "Coder/Decoder"] {codec, description, [[A Codec is an entity that is responsible for encoding and decoding some Data Format. Codecs can be implemented in hardware or software. A typical example is an MP3 Codec, which is responsible for decoding an MP3 audio stream for playback, or encoding it for transmission or storage using the compact MP3 Audio Compression.]]} [colorspace : concept = "Color Space"] {colorspace, description, [[The Color Space is a base topic for topics describing ways for representing color.]]} [company : organization = "Company"] {company, description, [[The Company is a base topic for topics describing a commercial Organization.]]} [compaq : company = "Compaq"] [compiler : concept = "Compiler"] {compiler, description, [[A Compiler is a program for translating code from one language into another. In many cases, the first language is a high-level Programming Language and the second is a processor-specific machine language. However, there are other possibilities such as Java, which is compiled into machine-independent byte code (which is then executed by a JVM), or yacc, which generates Programming Language code from a Grammar.]]} [componentmodel : technology = "Component Model"] {componentmodel, description, [[The Component Model is a base topic for topics describing component models. A Component Model is a framework for creating usually complex software from small, re-usable software components.]]} [compression : algorithm dataformat = "Compression"] {compression, description, [[The Compression is a base topic for topics describing a Data Format and/or an Algorithm for compressed data.]]} [compressionformat : dataformat = "Compression Format"] {compressionformat, description, [[The Compression Format is a base topic for topics describing a way of storing compressed data.]]} [concept : achievement = "Concept"] {concept, description, [[The Concept is a base topic for topics describing an abstract concept.]]} [consortium : organization = "Consortium"] {consortium, description, [[The Consortium is a base topic for topics describing an organization consisting of other organizations, usually companies.]]} [contentneg : concept = "Content Negotiation"] {contentneg, description, [[Content Negotiation is an HTTP mechanism which is used to make a selection between different representations for a resource. Different representations can be characterized by language, quality, encoding, or other parameters which do not affect the content of a resource. HTTP defines two types of Content Negotiation, Server-driven and agent-driven. In Server-driven Content Negotiation, the HTTP Server makes the selection and sends a response with the representation of a requested resource which it thinks matches the user's needs, based on the request, available representations, and other information. In agent-driven Content Negotiation, the HTTP Server responds with a list of all representations and the HTTP Client (or the user) makes the selection and requests the selected representation.]]} [cookie : concept = "Cookie"] {cookie, description, [[Originally introduced by Netscape Communications, Cookies are a general mechanism which HTTP Server side applications, such as CGI scripts, can use to both store and retrieve information on the HTTP Client side of the connection. Basically, Cookies can be used to compensate for the stateless nature of HTTP. The addition of a simple, persistent, client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of WWW-based applications.]]} [creole : schemalanguage = "Creole";; "Composable Regular Expressions for Overlapping Languages"] [crimson : xmlprocessor = "Crimson"] [crossref : identifier = "CrossRef"] [chf : hash = "Cryptographic Hash Function"] {chf, description, [[A Cryptographic Hash Function is a Hash Function satisfying additional criteria. The main difference between a regular Hash Function and a Cryptographic Hash Function is that a Cryptographic Hash Function generates values in a way that makes it extremely difficult to generate a message that would hash to a given hash value.]]} [cryptography : algorithm = "Cryptography"] [comega : programminglanguage = "Cω";; "Comega"] [dab : technology = "DAB";; "Digital Audio Broadcasting"] [dac : ac = "DAC";; "Discretionary Access Control"] [dag : graph = "DAG";; "Directed Acyclic Graph"] {dag, description, [[A DAG is a directed Graph with no directed cycles. This means there is no vertex in the DAG which is the start and the end of a directed cycle.]]} [daml : dataformat = "DAML";; "DARPA Agent Markup Language"] [damloil : dataformat = "DAML+OIL"] {damloil, status, [[DAML+OIL has been used as input for the OWL language, which can be regarded as a revision of DAML+OIL.]]} [damlont : metadata = "DAML-ONT";; "DAML Ontology"] [dap : protocol = "DAP";; "Directory Access Protocol"] {dap, description, [[DAP is the original protocol for accessing X.500. Since DAP is based on OSI and rather complex, a simplified variant of DAP based on the TCP has been designed, which is called LDAP. Today this simpler variant is more popular than DAP itself.]]} [darpa : nationalorganization = "DARPA";; "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"] {darpa, description, [[DARPA, until 1973 known as ARPA, is the main source for research funds in the United States. In particular, the Internet (its first infrastructure as well as the protocol suite) originated from the ARPANET, a network which was first designed for US military purposes with the primary design goal to be robust.]]} [dat : mstorage audioformat = "DAT";; "Digital Audio Tape"] [davic : organization = "DAVIC";; "Digital Audio Video Council"] [dbms : concept = "DBMS";; "Database Management System"] [dcd : metadata = "DCD";; "Document Content Description"] [dce : framework = "DCE";; "Distributed Computing Environment"] {dce, description, [[DCE is an industry-standard, vendor-neutral set of distributed computing technologies. It provides security services to protect and control access to data, name services that make it easy to find distributed resources, and a highly scalable model for organizing widely scattered users, services, and data. DCE runs on all major computing platforms and is designed to support distributed applications in heterogeneous hardware and software environments.]]} [dcerpc : rpc = "DCE RPC"] [dcf2 : textformat = "DCF";; "Document Composition Facility"] [dcf : lfs = "DCF";; "Design Rule for Camera File System"] [dcmi : group = "DCMI";; "Dublin Core Metadata Initiative"] [dcom : componentmodel = "DCOM";; "Distributed Component Object Model"] {dcom, description, [[DCOM is a Protocol that enables software components to communicate directly over a network in a reliable, secure, and efficient manner. Previously called OLE, DCOM is designed for use across multiple network transports, including Internet Protocols such as HTTP. DCOM is based on DCE RPC and COM.]]} [dct : topic = "DCT";; "Discrete Cosine Transform"] [ddds : topic = "DDDS";; "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System"] [ddl : concept = "DDL";; "Data Definition Language"] {ddl, description, [[A DDL is a base topic for topics describing a language for defining structures for structured data. This data may be manipulated using a DML and queried using a Query Language.]]} [ddml : xmlschemalanguage = "DDML";; "Document Definition Markup Language"] [ddrsdram : sdram = "DDR-SDRAM";; "Double Data Rate SDRAM"] [ddwg : organization = "DDWG";; "Digital Display Working Group"] [dea : skc = "DEA";; "Data Encryption Algorithm"] [dec : company = "DEC";; "Digital Equipment Corporation"] [dect : wlinterface = "DECT";; "Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications"] [del : programminglanguage = "DEL";; "Data Extraction Language"] {del, description, [[DEL is an XML format for describing data conversion processes from other Data Formats to XML. A DEL script specifies how to locate and extract fragments from input data and where to insert them in the resulting XML format. The DEL processor executing the DEL script can use the extracted data to either create a new XML document or modify an existing XML document by creating new elements and attributes at locations specified with XPath 1.0 expressions.]]} [den : topic = "DEN";; "Directory-Enabled Networking"] [der : dataformat = "DER";; "Distinguished Encoding Rules"] [des : skc = "DES";; "Data Encryption Standard"] {des, description, [[DES was originally developed at IBM. DES has been extensively studied since its publication and is the most well-known and widely used cryptosystem in the world. DES is an Algorithm implementing Secret-Key Cryptography, when used for communications, both sender and receiver must know the same secret key, which is used both to encrypt and decrypt the message. DES can also be used for single-user Encryption, such as to store files on a hard disk in encrypted form. In a multi-user environment, secure key distribution may be difficult. Public-Key Cryptography provides an ideal solution to this problem. Even though DES has been cryptographically enhanced by using three Encryption rounds, yielding 3DES, the general consensus is that DES Encryption is too weak for some scenarios, and the stronger AES will eventually replace DES.]]} [desx : skc = "DESX";; "Data Encryption Standard XORed"] [dfdl : topic = "DFDL";; "Data Format Description Language"] [dfp : hwinterface = "DFP";; "Digital Flat Panel"] [dfxp : dataformat = "DFXP";; "Distribution Format Exchange Profile"] [dhcp : protocol = "DHCP";; "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol"] [dhtml : clientsidetechnology = "DHTML";; "Dynamic HTML"] {dhtml, description, [[DHTML does not refer to a specific version or a specific feature of HTML. It is an expression which is commonly used to refer to all features of HTML which go beyond the presentation of static documents. The most popular mechanisms which are encompassed by the term DHTML are CSS, scripts (in most cases ECMAScript-based languages, embedded with the