]> topic This is the base object from which (directly or indirectly) all topics must be derived. In a perfect system, this object would probably be built-in, but this isn't a perfect system... Movie Sound Format The is a base topic for topics describing a for movie soundtracks. Surround Sound Format is a base topic for s describing the concept of spatial imaging of audio. Achievement The is a base topic for topics describing a general technical achievement. Technology The is a base topic for topics describing an applicable technological achievement. International Organization The is a base topic for topics describing a multi-Governmentally influenced body. Framework The is a base topic for topics describing a software product which can be used to run or construct applications. Company The is a base topic for topics describing a commercial Organization. Client Side Technology The is a base topic for topics describing a which is used on the side of a scenario based on the . Server Side Technology The is a base topic for topics describing a which is used on the side of a scenario based on the . Instant Messaging System The is a base topic for topics describing a system for the synchronous exchange of messages. OPAC Online Public Access Catalog Identifier The is a base topic for topics describing ways for identifying resources. ADT Abstract Data Type An is a formally specified set of values and associated operations, independent from any particular implementation. s are one of the foundations of , because they formalize the notion of "information hiding" or "encapsulation", which hides the implementation of an (i.e., a class) behind its interface. Grammar A is a set of rules describing how valid sentences of a formal language are to be constructed. s are often used to describe complex structures in computer science, such as s or s. OO Object-Orientation is a modeling methodology which is mainly build around the concepts of encapsulation (provided by s), inheritance, and polymorphism. is the attempt to use this methodology in a given programming environment. Parser A is a program for structuring a linear representation in accordance with a given . For each , there are generally an infinite number of linear representations (sentences) that can be structured with it. That is, a finite-size can supply structure to an infinite number of sentences. This is the main strength of the paradigm and indeed the main source of the importance of s: they summarize succinctly the structure of an infinite number of objects of a certain class. There are several reasons to perform this structuring process called parsing. The most important reason derives from the fact that the obtained structure helps to process the object further. XML Pipeline Language The is a base topic for topics describing languages for pipelined processing. The actual of the pipeline is not fixed, it may be either an document, or some other representation of XML, such as a or a stream of events. Parser Generator The is a base topic for topics describing tools for building s. Some tools are using separate components for lexical analysis and parsing (such as /), others are integrated (such as ). Color Space The is a base topic for topics describing ways for representing color. Display Standard The is a base topic for topics describing a for how to display data on a . Display The is a base topic for topics describing a for displaying data. Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for data storage. Semiconductor Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for semiconductor data storage. DIMM Double In-line Memory Module SIMM Single In-line Memory Module Flash ROM EEPROM Electrically Erasable PROM EPROM Erasable PROM PROM Programmable ROM ROM Read-only Memory DDR-SDRAM Double Data Rate SDRAM DRDRAM Direct Rambus DRAM SDRAM Synchronous DRAM DRAM Dynamic RAM SRAM Static RAM RAM Random Access Memory Magnetic Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for magnetic data storage. Optical Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for optical data storage. Magneto-Optical Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for magneto-optical data storage. Component Model The is a base topic for topics describing component models. A is a framework for creating usually complex software from small, re-usable software components. Directory The is a base topic for topics describing directory systems. SSO Single Sign-On systems enable users to use one procedure for accessing multiple applications or resources. Encryption is the process of transforming a cleartext into a cyphertext. The reverse process is called . Decryption is the process of transforming a cyphertext into a cleartext. The reverse process is called . Authentication is the process of verifying the authenticity of the claimed identity of a peer, often through mechanisms such as passwords. After successful , methods are often used to grant or deny certain rights to the peer. Authorization is the process of controlling whether the identity of a peer (often verified through an procedure) is authorized to perform a requested operation. Client/Server-Model The is a base topic for topics describing models of interacting s and s. In the , a waits for requests from s, and after receiving such a request, the processes it and send a response. The communication between the two peers is based on a , which is defining the possible interaction patterns and the information being exchanged. Client The is a base topic for topics describing clients. A is one component in the and contacts a for requesting a service of some kind. HTTP Client The is a base topic for topics describing clients implementing . An communicates with an . Search Engine The is a base topic for topics describing programs which are crawling the for collecting and indexing resources. A typically interprets pages, but an increasing number of s also interprets other resources, such as documents. XML Processor XML Parser An is a base topic for topics describing programs which are processors. These may be non-validating or validating processors (validating an document against its ), or they may support another , such as . XInclude Processor An is a base topic for topics describing programs which are processors. Basically, an is a program locating and replacing markup in an document. XSLT Processor An is a base topic for topics describing programs which are processors. Basically, an is a program interpreting and executing programs. Browser The is a base topic for topics describing programs which are a and provide a for browsing through the . A communicates with an . FTP Client The is a base topic for topics describing clients implementing . A communicates with a . Server The is a base topic for topics describing servers. A is one component in the and is contacted by a for providing a service of some kind. HTTP Server Web Server The is a base topic for topics describing servers implementing (a.k.a. servers or Web servers). An communicates with an . FTP Server The is a base topic for topics describing servers implementing . A communicates with a . Operating System The is a base topic for topics describing operating systems. Runtime The is a base topic for topics describing runtime environments. RIA Runtime The is a base topic for topics describing environments for s. File System The is a base topic for topics describing systems for the structured storage of individual files. Local File System The is a base topic for topics describing local file systems. Distributed File System The is a base topic for topics describing distributed file systems. Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a and/or an for compressed data. Image Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing images. Audio Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing audio. Video Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing video streams. Data Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information adhering to some for storage or transfer. Audio Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of audio. Font Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for describing fonts (i.e., collections of glyphs for displaying characters). Video Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of moving images. Graphics Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of graphics. Compression Format The is a base topic for topics describing a way of storing compressed data. XML Compression Format The is a base topic for topics describing a way of storing compressed XML documents. Image Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of images. Text Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of text. Style Sheet Language The is a base topic for topics describing a way of specifying style sheets for documents. A style sheet is used to control the presentation of a document. A can be regarded as because it specifies the presentation aspects of an information resource, hence it specifies data about data. Hypermedia Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of hypermedia (usually used in a ). Hypertext Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of hypertext (which is a special form of a restricted to textual information). Concept The is a base topic for topics describing an abstract concept. Data Model A is a base topic for topics describing a domain of data and operations on this data. Modeling Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for modeling, such as data modeling (in which case there is an underlying implicit or explicit ) or the modeling of systems based on . Compiler A is a program for translating code from one language into another. In many cases, the first language is a high-level and the second is a processor-specific machine language. However, there are other possibilities such as , which is compiled into machine-independent byte code (which is then executed by a ), or , which generates code from a . Programming Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for writing executable programs. DML Data Manipulation Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for manipulating (i.e., inserting, updating, deleting) structured data. This data may have been defined using a and queried using a . DDL Data Definition Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for defining structures for structured data. This data may be manipulated using a and queried using a . Query Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for formulating queries for a given . This data may have been defined using a and manipulated using a . Schema Language A schema language describes a set of contraints for a given , in most cases this refers to some kind of markup-based format. XML Schema Language An is a method for specifying a or rules for a class of documents. Even though the standard itself already contains such an (the ), this has a number of shortcomings, most notably no type derivation, and almost no support for data types. Consequently, a number of s have been proposed, which aim at providing a more powerful language for specifying s for documents. 's is the most promising prospect for becoming the to replace s. Multiplexing Method Algorithm Cryptographic Hash Function A is a satisfying additional criteria. The main difference between a regular and a is that a generates values in a way that makes it extremely difficult to generate a message that would hash to a given hash value. Hash Function Certification System Cryptography Public-Key Cryptography Asymmetric Cryptography is a method where different keys are used for and . This is a major advantage over and makes ideally suited for scenarios where secure key exchange is hard or impossible. The disadvantage of is that all known s are very computing-intensive. Secret-Key Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography is a method where the same key is used for and . This leaves applications with the problem of how to securely exchange this key. This inherent problem of has been solved by methods. Hardware Interface The is a base topic for topics describing an on the hardware level. This generally includes connectors (except for s) and physical transmission details, such as voltage and timing of signals. Interface The is a base topic for topics describing an , which is a clear separation between different entities. Wireless Interface The is a base topic for topics describing ways for transmitting data between devices using wireless techniques. Network The is a base topic for topics describing networks for transmitting signals. Telephony Network The is a base topic for topics describing networks for telephony. Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of transferring data between distributed peers. Essentially, a defines an for distributed scenarios. In a way, a can be regarded as the distributed equivalent of a , because it is used for the same purposes and defines the same things (the possible interactions between components, and the data that is exchanged while interacting). Modulation Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for modulating and demodulating digital signals over analog connections. Routing Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for facilitating routing within computer networks. Email Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for implementing services. Resolution Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for resolution purposes. Product The is a base topic for topics describing a piece of software or hardware. Body The is a base topic for topics describing a single person or a body consisting of several persons. National Organization The is a base topic for topics describing a single governmentally influenced . Consortium The is a base topic for topics describing an organization consisting of other organizations, usually companies. Organization The is a base topic for topics describing a organized group of bodies. Group The is a base topic for topics describing a group of bodies. Email Electronic Mail Hypermedia System A is an application which uses associative relationships amongst information contained within multiple media data for the purpose of facilitating access to, and manipulation of, the information encapsulated by the data. Bibliographic Meta Data is about bibliographic data, in most cases about resources commonly found in libraries. Meta Data is data about data. Since the term "data" is general in the sense that it may also be , there is no such thing as "meta meta data". is an attempt to define a general and machine understandable format for . The benefits of machine understandable are more powerful ways of information search, retrieval, and processing. Graph Tree A is a in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path. More colloquially, a is a which has exactly one root node, and every node has zero or more child nodes. DAG Directed Acyclic Graph A is a directed with no directed cycles. This means there is no vertex in the which is the start and the end of a directed cycle. GODDAG General Ordered-Descendant DAG ISCII Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII American National Standard Code for Information Interchange specifies the coding of space and a set of 94 characters (letters, digits and punctuation or mathematical symbols) suitable for the interchange of english language documents. forms the basis for most computer code sets and is the american national version of ISO 646. EBCDIC Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code NUN Normalized Universal Name A is a name that uniquely identifies an element, attribute, simple type, complex type, attribute group, model group, or notation declaration in an . FPI Formal Public Identifier UCI Universal Content Identifier CLEI Common Language Equipment Identifier UUID Universally Unique Identifier CURIE Compact URI URI Uniform Resource Identifier The is considered to include objects accessed using an extendable number of s, existing, invented for the itself, or to be invented in the future. Access instructions for an individual object under a given are encoded into forms of address string. Other s allow the use of object names of various forms. In order to abstract the idea of a generic object, the needs the concepts of the universal set of objects, and of the universal set of names or addresses of objects. A is a member of this universal set of names in registered name spaces and addresses referring to registered s or name spaces. A is a form of which expresses an address mapping onto an access using network s. A is a form of which uses a name space (and associated s) for persistent object names. UNC Universal Naming Convention provides a naming convention for identifying network resources. identifiers consist of three parts, a server name, a share name, and an optional file path, that are combined using backslashes or slashes. notation is used primarily for mapping network drives in the family of s, although support for appears in related technologies like /. names are most commonly used to reach file servers or printers on a . IURI Internationalized URI The work on of s started under the label of , but is now being continued under the new name of . IRI Internationalized Resource Identifier An is a generalized form of that may contain non- characters. LEIRI Legacy Extended IRI HRRI Human Readable Resource Identifier s are strings which are interpreted as s, but which allow the use of characters which must be escaped in a legal , such as delimiters and a few other characters. XRI Extensible Resource Identifier E.164 is 's official standard of how numbers to be used in the are structured, and what functionality is associated with that structure. URN Uniform Resource Name A is a persistent, globally unique name assigned to an object. In contrast to a , which changes whenever the location of an object changes, a has no location dependence and therefore a longer lifetime. This is realized by using a naming service which in most cases will provide a mapping from URNs to URLs. Thus, even if the of an object changes, its remains the same, since only the object's entry in the naming service has to be updated. WebDAV WWW Distributed Authoring and Versioning defines extensions to to enable distributed authoring tools to be broadly interoperable. already contains functionality which enables the editing of content at a remote location, without direct access to the storage media via an . This capability is exploited by several existing distributed authoring tools, and by a growing number of mainstream applications (e.g., word processors) which allow users to write (publish) their work to an . Experience from the authoring tools has shown they are unable to meet their user's needs using the facilities of . The consequence of this is either postponed introduction of distributed authoring capability, or the addition of nonstandard extensions to . These extensions, developed in isolation, are not interoperable. ECML Electronic Commerce Markup Language provides a set of simple guidelines for merchants that will enable electronic wallets from multiple vendors to fill in their . defines a number of simple field types for scenarios, which should be used by for naming fields. Using these standardized fields, mechanisms on the side (such as electronic wallets) can automatically identify and fill out forms for the user, making transactions for the user more easy. KML Keyhole Markup Language UCS-2 UCS-2E Extended UCS-2 UCS-4 OIL Ontology Inference Layer CSV Comma-Separated Values The is the least common denominator for exchanging structured information. It is a simple text-based format, where values are separated by commas, and individual records are encoded on individual lines. Quotes may be used to enclose the values (but they must not be used). Each line contains the same number of values. JSON JavaScript Object Notation IWML InterWiki Markup Language EARL Evaluation and Report Language DAML DARPA Agent Markup Language UPML Unified Problem-solving Method Description Language DAML-ONT DAML Ontology OWL Web Ontology Language DAML+OIL has been used as input for the language, which can be regarded as a revision of . DCMI Dublin Core Metadata Initiative MIX Metadata for Images in XML METS Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard XOBIS XML Organic Bibliographic Information Schema MODS Metadata Object Description Schema MADS Metadata Authority Description Schema Dublin Core The is a element set intended to facilitate discovery of electronic resources. Originally conceived for author-generated description of resources, it has attracted the attention of formal resource description communities such as museums, libraries, government agencies, and commercial organizations. One example application of the elements is . SHOE Simple HTML Ontology Extensions is an -based knowledge representation language, a superset of which adds the tags necessary to embed arbitrary semantic data into pages. tags are divided into two categories. First, there are tags for constructing ontologies. ontologies are sets of rules which define what kinds of assertions documents can make and what these assertions mean. Secondly, there are tags for annotating documents to subscribe to one or more ontologies, declare data entities, and make assertions about those entities under the rules prescribed by the ontologies. DTMF Dual-Tone Multifrequency i-Mode cHTML Compact HTML CIFS Common Internet File System BMP Basic Multilingual Plane UCS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set standardized in ISO 10646 integrates all previous internationally/nationally agreed character sets into a single code set. is based on 4-octet (32-bit) coding scheme known as the "canonical form" (), but a 2-octet (16-bit) form () is used for the , where octets 1 and 2 are assumed to be 00 00. The code set is split into 128 "groups" of "planes" containing 256 "rows" with 256 "cells" for characters. Each character is addressed using multiple octets, the third (in the first) of which identifies the row containing the character and the fourth (in the second) its cell number. The first 127 characters of the used for 16-bit code interchange are those of . The characters forming the second half of the first row are those used in . HTML Forms FAQ Frequently Asked Questions s are collections of questions and answers that frequently occur for a specific subject. have a long tradition in newsgroups, where they are periodically posted for bringing new subscribers up-to-date. RFC Request For Comments s form a series of publications of networking technical documents, started in 1969 as part of the original wide-area networking () project. s cover a wide range of topics, from early discussion of new research concepts to status memos about the . The views the publication process to be sufficiently important to warrant including the editor in the membership. The status of specifications on the standards track is summarized periodically in a summary entitled "Internet Official Protocol Standards". This shows the level of maturity and other helpful information for each or service specification. The "Internet Official Protocol Standards" is the authoritative statement of the status of any particular specification, and it is the "Publication of Record" with respect to standardization. L10N Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text. The abbreviation is based on the fact that the rather lengthy word 'localization' starts with a 'l' followed by 10 characters followed by an 'n'. Usually, the most time-consuming portion of is the translation of text. Other types of data, such as sounds and images, may require if they are culturally sensitive. The formatting of dates, numbers, and currencies also must conform to local requirements. The effort required for the of a system heavily depends on how much has been taken into account when building the system. I18N Internationalization is the process of designing an application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. The abbreviation is based on the fact that the rather lengthy word 'internationalization' starts with an 'i' followed by 18 characters followed by an 'n'. An internationalized system has the following characteristics: after , the same executable can run worldwide; textual elements, such as status messages and the GUI component labels, are not hardcoded in the program (instead they are stored outside the source code and retrieved dynamically); support for new languages does not require recompilation; culturally-dependent data, such as dates and currencies, appear in formats that conform to the end user's region and language; can be done quickly. DCD Document Content Description XIOP is an experimental implementation of 's generic protocol. However, it never reached critical mass and there are no known applications or implementations. XDR External Data Representation NDR Network Data Representation DFDL Data Format Description Language CDR Common Data Representation DSDL Document Schema Definition Languages is a framework under which several s are combined. The idea of is to modularize validation of documents, in the sense that for different aspects of validation, different s can be used. The reasoning behind this approach is that no single can match all possible application requirements, and rather than creating a very complex and hard to handle , it makes more sense to create smaller, specialized s, which are easier to learn, handle, and implement. SCM Schema Component Model SCX Schema Component XML Syntax is a syntax for components. It focuses explicitly on representing components rather than including features which should make it easy for human users to write or modify an . is comparable to 's XML syntax or to , because it simply is a representation for components. What makes unique is its focus on making the components as easily accessible as possible. thus could be regarded as the document-style complement to s such as or . XSCS XML Schema Compact Syntax is a rather complex , partly because of its inherent complexity, and partly because of its syntax. In an effort to reduce the syntactic verboseness and complexity of , defines a -based (and non-) syntax for . is designed for human users, and transformations from and to syntax are implemented using -based tools. TREX Tree Regular Expressions for XML On , announced "their decision to integrate and in order to collaborate on a unified lightweight specification for validating XML-based languages". The resulting is called . RELAX Regular Language description for XML On , announced "their decision to integrate and in order to collaborate on a unified lightweight specification for validating XML-based languages". The resulting is called . RELAX NG Examplotron CRVX Character Repertoire Validation for XML s cover different areas of schema aspects, such as -based schemas (e.g., and and rule-based schemas (e.g., ). is a specialized and simple schema language for specifying character repertoire constraints for documents. It is meant as a complement for other schema languages which are often geared towards structural constraints for documents. is based on the character set which is the foundation of . NVDL Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language DTLL Data Type Library Language CRDL Character Repertoire Description Language CRVL Character Repertoire Validation Language DSRL Document Schema Renaming Language SAF Schema Adjunct Framework DPML Declarative Process Markup Language Schemachine RIF Rule Interchange Format XVIF XML Validation Interoperability Framework Schematron MNS Modular Namespaces NRL Namespace Routing Language CLIX Constraint Language in XML XCSL XML Constraint Specification Language DSD Document Structure Description XDR XML-Data Reduced has made the transition from to , which is now the used and supported by . DT4DTD Datatypes for DTDs was an early attempt to create an improved by supplementing 's with an application-oriented set of data types, but has never been used on a large scale. Samba Wf-XML Workflow XML XML-Data is a proposal authored by for the definition of . The proposal has been used as input for 's work on , which has the same application area as . In order to support 's , limited to , which is a proper subset of . SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group NTP Network Time Protocol provides the mechanisms to synchronize time and coordinate time distribution in a large, diverse operating at rates from mundane to light-wave. It uses a returnable-time design in which a distributed subnet of time s operating in a self-organizing, hierarchical-master-slave configuration synchronizes local clocks within the subnet and to national time standards via wire or radio. The s can also redistribute reference time via local routing s and time s. A simpler variant of has been specified under the name of . MADCAP Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol XUP Extensible User Interface Protocol TMX Translation Memory Exchange Format BXXP Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol BEEP Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol BIOS Basic Input/Output System CVE Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures FXPP Flexible XML Processing Profile REST Representational State Transfer UCLP Universal Commerce Language and Protocol XMSG XML Messaging Specification was an early approach to specify messaging using packaging. A newer and widely accepted approach is /. ASAP Asynchronous Service Access Protocol SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol XOP XML-binary Optimized Packaging MIFFY MTOM Inclusion Format For You MTOM Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism SwA SOAP with Attachments has been developed as a way to package messages with attachments, but will be replaced by the more powerful / mechanisms. Usenet News News can be regarded as the oldest application for global distribution of information. It originated in 1979 at the University of North Carolina. It is simply a set of machines ( s) which cooperate to exchange (using ) articles tagged with one or more labels, which are called "newsgroups". Newsgroups are organized hierarchically according to the subjects of the articles belonging to them. Newsgroups or individual articles in newsgroups can be addressed using a special scheme. NNTP Network News Transport Protocol specifies a protocol for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval, and posting of articles using a reliable stream-based transmission of among the community. is designed so that articles are stored in a central database allowing a subscriber to select only those items he wishes to read. Indexing, cross-referencing, and expiration of aged messages are also provided. UTF UCS Transformation Format is used for coding characters. Although defines character codings ( and ), they are hard to use in many current applications and protocols that assume 8- or even 7-bit characters. formats usually are variable length formats, for example in a character is represented by 1 to 6 bytes, while in a character is represented by 2 to 4 bytes (, however, always encodes characters as 4 bytes). UTF-1 UTF-2 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-16LE UTF-16BE UTF-32 is the that serializes a code point as a sequence of four bytes, in either big-endian () or little-endian format. An initial sequence corresponding to U+FEFF is interpreted as a , it is used to distinguish between the two byte orders. The is not considered part of the content of the text. A serialization of code points into may or may not begin with a The term can be used ambiguously. When referring to the encoding of in memory, there is no associated byte orientation, and a is never used. When referring to a serialization of code points into bytes, it may have a and either byte orientation.. UTF-32LE UTF-32BE LDH Letter Digit Hyphen form is a for host names in the . It constrains valid names to contain only letters, digits, and hyphens. SCSU Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode X11 X Window System is a distributed window system that is based on the . In , the traditional roles of a and a are not distributed as usual, because the is the local entity (providing the service of displaying data and accepting user input), while the is the remotely running program, which uses the to provide a to the user. is based on a , which makes it very easy to separate a (possibly heavyweight) program and its . is commonly used in -derived s. CCS Coded Character Set A identifies a set of characters that are relevant and should be identifiable for some . It does not, however, specify the actual encoding of these characters, which is done by one or more s. CES Character Encoding Scheme A defines a mapping from a given set of characters (the ) to encoded forms of the characters. Thus, there can be multiple s for one . Character Set A is defining a set of characters and their encoding. Newer standards (such as ) separate these issues by defining the set of characters () and their encoding () separately, but in many cases (such as the popular ), the characters and their encoding are defined in a single step. Regular Expression BRE Basic Regular Expression ERE Extended Regular Expression ACE ASCII Compatible Encoding An is a string of characters resulting from a particular for transforming multilingual character information into an -based alphanumeric form acceptable by the existing . This means that an encoded string must conform to the restrictions for strings. RACE Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding BRACE Bi-mode Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding LACE Length-based ASCII Compatible Encoding DUDE Differential Unicode Domain Encoding ISO 8859 is a family of s standardized by . All variants are 8-bit s, containing a total of 256 characters. The variants are identified by a trailing number indicating the specific variant, for example for the Latin-1 character set. The first half of the variants (characters 0-127) is always occupied by the , while the second half (characters 128-255) is occupied by characters specific to the variant. ISO 8859-1 Latin-1 is one of the most popular character sets. However, is increasingly replacing it, because it contains some updates to the character set, most notably the euro sign. ISO 8859-15 Latin-9 is an update of , it replaces a small number of characters, and most notably introduces the euro sign. EUC Extended Unix Code Morse Baudot Murray ITA2 International Telegraph Alphabet #2 FIELDATA PURL Persistent URL URL Uniform Resource Locator A is the address of a resource which is retrievable using s already deployed on the . A defines an access , called a "scheme", and a "scheme-dependent part", which has to provide sufficient information to locate an object using the specified scheme. In case of s, the scheme is "http", and the scheme-dependent part specifies the name of the as well as the path of the object on the . Even though the term is still in widespread use, officially there is no valid specification for it (and it is unlikely that the term will ever be revived). It has been replaced by the more general term , which is the technically correct term for resource identification as used on the . MOSS MIME Object Security Services is a that uses the multipart/signed and multipart/encrypted framework to apply digital signature and services to objects. The services are offered through the use of end-to-end cryptography between an originator and a recipient at the application layer. is used in support of the digital signature service and key management. is used in support of the service. The procedures are intended to be compatible with a wide range of public key management approaches, including both ad hoc and certificate-based schemes. Mechanisms are provided to support many public key management approaches. MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions provide facilities to allow multiple objects in a single message, to represent body text in character sets other than , to represent formatted multi-font text messages, to represent non-textual material such as images and audio fragments, and generally to facilitate later extensions defining new types of for use by cooperating email agents. DIME Direct Internet Message Encapsulation as an early approach to the packaging problem of messages with attachments has been replaced by the newer / mechanisms. S/MIME Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions XMTP XML MIME Transformation Protocol IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group IETF Internet Engineering Task Force is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the architecture and the smooth operation of the . It is open to any interested individual. The actual technical work of the is done in its working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.). ISOC Internet Society IRTF Internet Research Task Force The is composed of a number of focused, long-term and small research groups. These groups work on topics related to s, applications, architecture and technology. The focuses on longer term research issues related to the , while the parallel organization, the , focuses on the shorter term issues of engineering and standards making. OS/2 Symbian MacOS VMS Virtual Memory System CP/M Control Program for Microprocessors DOS Disk Operating System Windows EPOC Unix POSIX Portable Operating System Interface Solaris Linux XFDL Extensible Forms Description Language is an vocabulary initially published 1998 as an improvement to as a note in an attempt to standardize a set of features for the next generation of secure Web-based applications. has continued to evolve and now is an host language well suited for , providing pixel precision and robust security with a dynamic range of features. XFA XML Forms Architecture has been suggested as an improvement to and has been submitted to the . However, the newer has broader support and thus is no longer under development. XForms Orbeon Forms OPS Orbeon Presentation Server OXF Open XML Framework UT0 UT1 UT2 UT Universal Time UTC Coordinated Universal Time X2Doc GMT Greenwich Mean Time SCXML State Chart XML SSCC Serial Shipping Container Code GTIN Global Trade Item Number SKU Stock Keeping Unit UPC Universal Product Code EAN European Article Number GRid Global Release Identifier ISRC International Standard Recording Code ISBN International Standard Book Number The is a nine- or ten-digit number which identifies a specific book title and is recognized worldwide. Publishers assign s to books to simplify and expedite their ordering and purchase. An number can often be found on the back of the title page of a book or at the bottom of the back cover, though many older books do not have s. Sometimes more than one book has the same , as is frequently the case with books in a series. Book records for books in a series may also contain an for the series. Separate s are usually assigned for each format of a book (such as hard-cover or paperback). Newer books frequently also have an -encoded version of the on their cover. ISSN International Standard Serial Number The is an internationally accepted code which identifies serial publications. It is an eight-digit number consisting of seven digits plus a check digit which enables a computer to recognize when the number is incorrectly cited. The check digit may be an "X", otherwise the is fully numeric. An may be used as control numbers for serial titles in automated systems, for example for identifying titles, ordering, checking in, and claiming by libraries and subscription agents. It may be used to ensure more accurate serials citation by scholars, researchers, abstractors and librarians and is particularly helpful when distinguishing between serials with identical titles. An increasingly important use of the is as a component in barcodes for magazines. SICI Serial Item and Contribution Identifier NBN National Bibliography Number CrossRef COinS Context Objects in Spans OpenURL DOI Digital Object Identifier The system is a mechanism for marking digital objects in order to facilitate and enable copyright management in a digital environment. not only provides a unique identification for digital content, but also a way to link users of the materials to the rights holders themselves to facilitate automated digital commerce. The underlying technology of is the , which associates each name with one or more locations where the object may be found. SSI Server-Side Includes make it possible to include information into pages before delivering them to a . A page using contains special instructions which are interpreted by the whenever the page is requested. These instructions may specify to include other documents (e.g., document headers or footers) or to insert dynamic information, such as the current date or an access count. There is no standard for , so each implementation uses its own syntax and functionality. XSSI Extended Server-Side Includes IAB Internet Architecture Board The is the technical body that oversees the development of the suite. It has two task forces, the and the . IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Handle System The is a comprehensive system for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent s, known as "handles", for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. Handles can be used as s. The includes an open set of s, a name space, and an implementation of the s. The s enable a distributed computer system to store handles of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate and access the resources. This associated information can be changed as needed to reflect the current state of the identified resource without changing the handle, thus allowing the name of the item to persist over changes of location and other state information. Combined with a centrally administered naming authority registration service, the provides a general purpose, distributed global naming service for the reliable management of information on networks over long periods of time. W3C World Wide Web Consortium Founded in 1994 to develop common s for the evolution of the , is an international association of industrial and service companies, research laboratories, educational institutions, and organizations of all sizes. All of these organizations share a compelling interest in the long term evolution and stability of the . is a non-profit organization funded partly by commercial members. Its activities remain vendor neutral, however. also receives the support of governments who consider the the platform of choice for a global information infrastructure. IFPI International Federation of Phonographic Industry CRF Content Reference Forum GGF Global Grid Forum OAGI Open Applications Group CORE Council of Registrars RTTTL Ring Tone Text Transfer Language MINC Multilingual Internet Names Consortium WECA Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance On , has been renamed to . Wi-Fi Alliance Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity is a label for devices conforming to the standard for . The standard has been published by the , which does not perform conformance testing. In order to establish such a conformance testing process, the (formerly known as ) has been formed, which tests devices for conformance with the standard and issues the label for conforming devices. WMM Wi-Fi Multimedia WiMAX FIPA Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents IPTC International Press Telecommunications Council UN/CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business ISMA Internet Streaming Media Alliance LISA Localization Industry Standards Association OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards is a nonprofit, international dedicated to accelerating the adoption of product-independent formats based on public standards. These standards include , , and as well as others that are related to structured information processing. Members of are providers, users, and specialists of the technologies that make these standards work in practice. CALS Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistic Support CALS Tables SDIF SGML Document Interchange Format OBI Open Buying on the Internet SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Transactions OFX Open Financial Exchange ASA American Standards Association WS-I Web Services Interoperability Organization ANSI American National Standards Institute , founded in 1918, does not itself develop American National Standards; rather it facilitates development by establishing consensus among qualified groups. The Institute ensures that its guiding principles (consensus, due process, and openness) are followed by the more than 175 distinct entities currently accredited. promotes the use of US standards internationally, advocates US policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where these meet the needs of the user community. SOX Schema for Object-oriented XML WDDX Web Distributed Data Exchange Ruby Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented . The language has a concise syntax; a small number of powerful high-level data types are built in. can be extended in a systematic fashion by adding new modules implemented in a compiled such as or . Such extension modules can define new functions and variables as well as new object types. is frequently used for programming applications. Zope Z Object Publishing Environment Perl Practical Extraction and Report Language is a general purpose interpreted , often used for scanning text and printing formatted reports. It provides extensive support for matching, dynamically scoped variables and functions, extensible run-time libraries, exception handling, and packages. is frequently used for programming applications. Tcl Tool Command Language is a general-purpose, robust that can easily be integrated into new applications. One of 's most useful features is its extensibility. If an application requires some functionality not offered by standard , new commands can be implemented using the language, and integrated fairly easily. Since is so easy to extend, many people have written extension packages for common tasks, and made these freely available. is frequently used for programming applications. Tcl/Tk Tool Command Language/Tool Kit DEL Data Extraction Language is an format for describing data conversion processes from other s to . A script specifies how to locate and extract fragments from input data and where to insert them in the resulting format. The processor executing the script can use the extracted data to either create a new document or modify an existing document by creating new elements and attributes at locations specified with expressions. Gopher The is designed primarily to act as a distributed document delivery system. While documents (and services) reside on many s, software presents users with a hierarchy of items and directories much like a file system. In fact, the is designed to resemble a file system since a file system is a good model for locating documents and services. The user sees what amounts to one big networked information system containing primarily document items, directory items, and search items (the latter allowing searches for documents across subsets of the information base). Since the allows greater flexibility in the structure and presentation of distributed information, the usage of gopher services and the number of gopher servers is getting smaller. WAIS Wide Area Information Servers is designed to help users find information over a computer network. The software architecture has four main components: the , the , the database, and the . The is a that sends requests for information to local or remote s. The is a program that services requests. The generally runs on a machine containing one or more information sources, or databases. The , -1988, is used to connect s and s and is based on the 1988 version of the standard. Since the