]> topic This is the base object from which (directly or indirectly) all topics must be derived. In a perfect system, this object would probably be built-in, but this isn't a perfect system... Movie Sound Format The is a base topic for topics describing a for movie soundtracks. Surround Sound Format is a base topic for s describing the concept of spatial imaging of audio. Achievement The is a base topic for topics describing a general technical achievement. Technology The is a base topic for topics describing an applicable technological achievement. International Organization The is a base topic for topics describing a multi-Governmentally influenced body. Framework The is a base topic for topics describing a software product which can be used to run or construct applications. Company The is a base topic for topics describing a commercial Organization. Client Side Technology The is a base topic for topics describing a which is used on the side of a scenario based on the . Server Side Technology The is a base topic for topics describing a which is used on the side of a scenario based on the . Instant Messaging System The is a base topic for topics describing a system for the synchronous exchange of messages. OPAC Online Public Access Catalog Identifier The is a base topic for topics describing ways for identifying resources. ADT Abstract Data Type An is a formally specified set of values and associated operations, independent from any particular implementation. s are one of the foundations of , because they formalize the notion of "information hiding" or "encapsulation", which hides the implementation of an (i.e., a class) behind its interface. Grammar A is a set of rules describing how valid sentences of a formal language are to be constructed. s are often used to describe complex structures in computer science, such as s or s. OO Object-Orientation is a modeling methodology which is mainly build around the concepts of encapsulation (provided by s), inheritance, and polymorphism. is the attempt to use this methodology in a given programming environment. Parser A is a program for structuring a linear representation in accordance with a given . For each , there are generally an infinite number of linear representations (sentences) that can be structured with it. That is, a finite-size can supply structure to an infinite number of sentences. This is the main strength of the paradigm and indeed the main source of the importance of s: they summarize succinctly the structure of an infinite number of objects of a certain class. There are several reasons to perform this structuring process called parsing. The most important reason derives from the fact that the obtained structure helps to process the object further. XML Pipeline Language The is a base topic for topics describing languages for pipelined processing. The actual of the pipeline is not fixed, it may be either an document, or some other representation of XML, such as a or a stream of events. Parser Generator The is a base topic for topics describing tools for building s. Some tools are using separate components for lexical analysis and parsing (such as /), others are integrated (such as ). Color Space The is a base topic for topics describing ways for representing color. Display Standard The is a base topic for topics describing a for how to display data on a . Display The is a base topic for topics describing a for displaying data. Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for data storage. Semiconductor Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for semiconductor data storage. DIMM Double In-line Memory Module SIMM Single In-line Memory Module Flash ROM EEPROM Electrically Erasable PROM EPROM Erasable PROM PROM Programmable ROM ROM Read-only Memory DDR-SDRAM Double Data Rate SDRAM DRDRAM Direct Rambus DRAM SDRAM Synchronous DRAM DRAM Dynamic RAM SRAM Static RAM RAM Random Access Memory Magnetic Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for magnetic data storage. Optical Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for optical data storage. Magneto-Optical Storage Medium The is a base topic for topics describing media for magneto-optical data storage. Component Model The is a base topic for topics describing component models. A is a framework for creating usually complex software from small, re-usable software components. Directory The is a base topic for topics describing directory systems. SSO Single Sign-On systems enable users to use one procedure for accessing multiple applications or resources. Encryption is the process of transforming a cleartext into a cyphertext. The reverse process is called . Decryption is the process of transforming a cyphertext into a cleartext. The reverse process is called . Authentication is the process of verifying the authenticity of the claimed identity of a peer, often through mechanisms such as passwords. After successful , methods are often used to grant or deny certain rights to the peer. Authorization is the process of controlling whether the identity of a peer (often verified through an procedure) is authorized to perform a requested operation. Client/Server-Model The is a base topic for topics describing models of interacting s and s. In the , a waits for requests from s, and after receiving such a request, the processes it and send a response. The communication between the two peers is based on a , which is defining the possible interaction patterns and the information being exchanged. Client The is a base topic for topics describing clients. A is one component in the and contacts a for requesting a service of some kind. HTTP Client The is a base topic for topics describing clients implementing . An communicates with an . Search Engine The is a base topic for topics describing programs which are crawling the for collecting and indexing resources. A typically interprets pages, but an increasing number of s also interprets other resources, such as documents. XML Processor XML Parser An is a base topic for topics describing programs which are processors. These may be non-validating or validating processors (validating an document against its ), or they may support another , such as . XInclude Processor An is a base topic for topics describing programs which are processors. Basically, an is a program locating and replacing markup in an document. XSLT Processor An is a base topic for topics describing programs which are processors. Basically, an is a program interpreting and executing programs. Browser The is a base topic for topics describing programs which are a and provide a for browsing through the . A communicates with an . FTP Client The is a base topic for topics describing clients implementing . A communicates with a . Server The is a base topic for topics describing servers. A is one component in the and is contacted by a for providing a service of some kind. HTTP Server Web Server The is a base topic for topics describing servers implementing (a.k.a. servers or Web servers). An communicates with an . FTP Server The is a base topic for topics describing servers implementing . A communicates with a . Operating System The is a base topic for topics describing operating systems. Runtime The is a base topic for topics describing runtime environments. RIA Runtime The is a base topic for topics describing environments for s. File System The is a base topic for topics describing systems for the structured storage of individual files. Local File System The is a base topic for topics describing local file systems. Distributed File System The is a base topic for topics describing distributed file systems. Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a and/or an for compressed data. Image Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing images. Audio Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing audio. Video Compression The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of compressing video streams. Data Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information adhering to some for storage or transfer. Audio Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of audio. Font Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for describing fonts (i.e., collections of glyphs for displaying characters). Video Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of moving images. Graphics Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of graphics. Compression Format The is a base topic for topics describing a way of storing compressed data. XML Compression Format The is a base topic for topics describing a way of storing compressed XML documents. Image Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of images. Text Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of text. Style Sheet Language The is a base topic for topics describing a way of specifying style sheets for documents. A style sheet is used to control the presentation of a document. A can be regarded as because it specifies the presentation aspects of an information resource, hence it specifies data about data. Hypermedia Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of hypermedia (usually used in a ). Hypertext Format The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of coding information for storage or transfer of hypertext (which is a special form of a restricted to textual information). Concept The is a base topic for topics describing an abstract concept. Data Model A is a base topic for topics describing a domain of data and operations on this data. Modeling Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for modeling, such as data modeling (in which case there is an underlying implicit or explicit ) or the modeling of systems based on . Compiler A is a program for translating code from one language into another. In many cases, the first language is a high-level and the second is a processor-specific machine language. However, there are other possibilities such as , which is compiled into machine-independent byte code (which is then executed by a ), or , which generates code from a . Programming Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for writing executable programs. DML Data Manipulation Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for manipulating (i.e., inserting, updating, deleting) structured data. This data may have been defined using a and queried using a . DDL Data Definition Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for defining structures for structured data. This data may be manipulated using a and queried using a . Query Language A is a base topic for topics describing a language for formulating queries for a given . This data may have been defined using a and manipulated using a . Schema Language A schema language describes a set of contraints for a given , in most cases this refers to some kind of markup-based format. XML Schema Language An is a method for specifying a or rules for a class of documents. Even though the standard itself already contains such an (the ), this has a number of shortcomings, most notably no type derivation, and almost no support for data types. Consequently, a number of s have been proposed, which aim at providing a more powerful language for specifying s for documents. 's is the most promising prospect for becoming the to replace s. Multiplexing Method Algorithm Cryptographic Hash Function A is a satisfying additional criteria. The main difference between a regular and a is that a generates values in a way that makes it extremely difficult to generate a message that would hash to a given hash value. Hash Function Certification System Cryptography Public-Key Cryptography Asymmetric Cryptography is a method where different keys are used for and . This is a major advantage over and makes ideally suited for scenarios where secure key exchange is hard or impossible. The disadvantage of is that all known s are very computing-intensive. Secret-Key Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography is a method where the same key is used for and . This leaves applications with the problem of how to securely exchange this key. This inherent problem of has been solved by methods. Hardware Interface The is a base topic for topics describing an on the hardware level. This generally includes connectors (except for s) and physical transmission details, such as voltage and timing of signals. Interface The is a base topic for topics describing an , which is a clear separation between different entities. Wireless Interface The is a base topic for topics describing ways for transmitting data between devices using wireless techniques. Network The is a base topic for topics describing networks for transmitting signals. Telephony Network The is a base topic for topics describing networks for telephony. Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing a defined way of transferring data between distributed peers. Essentially, a defines an for distributed scenarios. In a way, a can be regarded as the distributed equivalent of a , because it is used for the same purposes and defines the same things (the possible interactions between components, and the data that is exchanged while interacting). Modulation Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for modulating and demodulating digital signals over analog connections. Routing Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for facilitating routing within computer networks. Email Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for implementing services. Resolution Protocol The is a base topic for topics describing protocols for resolution purposes. Product The is a base topic for topics describing a piece of software or hardware. Body The is a base topic for topics describing a single person or a body consisting of several persons. National Organization The is a base topic for topics describing a single governmentally influenced . Consortium The is a base topic for topics describing an organization consisting of other organizations, usually companies. Organization The is a base topic for topics describing a organized group of bodies. Group The is a base topic for topics describing a group of bodies. Email Electronic Mail Hypermedia System A is an application which uses associative relationships amongst information contained within multiple media data for the purpose of facilitating access to, and manipulation of, the information encapsulated by the data. Bibliographic Meta Data is about bibliographic data, in most cases about resources commonly found in libraries. Meta Data is data about data. Since the term "data" is general in the sense that it may also be , there is no such thing as "meta meta data". is an attempt to define a general and machine understandable format for . The benefits of machine understandable are more powerful ways of information search, retrieval, and processing. Graph Tree A is a in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path. More colloquially, a is a which has exactly one root node, and every node has zero or more child nodes. DAG Directed Acyclic Graph A is a directed with no directed cycles. This means there is no vertex in the which is the start and the end of a directed cycle. GODDAG General Ordered-Descendant DAG ISCII Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII American National Standard Code for Information Interchange specifies the coding of space and a set of 94 characters (letters, digits and punctuation or mathematical symbols) suitable for the interchange of english language documents. forms the basis for most computer code sets and is the american national version of ISO 646. EBCDIC Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code NUN Normalized Universal Name A is a name that uniquely identifies an element, attribute, simple type, complex type, attribute group, model group, or notation declaration in an . FPI Formal Public Identifier UCI Universal Content Identifier CLEI Common Language Equipment Identifier UUID Universally Unique Identifier CURIE Compact URI URI Uniform Resource Identifier The is considered to include objects accessed using an extendable number of s, existing, invented for the itself, or to be invented in the future. Access instructions for an individual object under a given are encoded into forms of address string. Other s allow the use of object names of various forms. In order to abstract the idea of a generic object, the needs the concepts of the universal set of objects, and of the universal set of names or addresses of objects. A is a member of this universal set of names in registered name spaces and addresses referring to registered s or name spaces. A is a form of which expresses an address mapping onto an access using network s. A is a form of which uses a name space (and associated s) for persistent object names. UNC Universal Naming Convention provides a naming convention for identifying network resources. identifiers consist of three parts, a server name, a share name, and an optional file path, that are combined using backslashes or slashes. notation is used primarily for mapping network drives in the family of s, although support for appears in related technologies like /. names are most commonly used to reach file servers or printers on a . IURI Internationalized URI The work on of s started under the label of , but is now being continued under the new name of . IRI Internationalized Resource Identifier An is a generalized form of that may contain non- characters. LEIRI Legacy Extended IRI HRRI Human Readable Resource Identifier s are strings which are interpreted as s, but which allow the use of characters which must be escaped in a legal , such as delimiters and a few other characters. XRI Extensible Resource Identifier E.164 is 's official standard of how numbers to be used in the are structured, and what functionality is associated with that structure. URN Uniform Resource Name A is a persistent, globally unique name assigned to an object. In contrast to a , which changes whenever the location of an object changes, a has no location dependence and therefore a longer lifetime. This is realized by using a naming service which in most cases will provide a mapping from URNs to URLs. Thus, even if the of an object changes, its remains the same, since only the object's entry in the naming service has to be updated. WebDAV WWW Distributed Authoring and Versioning defines extensions to to enable distributed authoring tools to be broadly interoperable. already contains functionality which enables the editing of content at a remote location, without direct access to the storage media via an . This capability is exploited by several existing distributed authoring tools, and by a growing number of mainstream applications (e.g., word processors) which allow users to write (publish) their work to an . Experience from the authoring tools has shown they are unable to meet their user's needs using the facilities of . The consequence of this is either postponed introduction of distributed authoring capability, or the addition of nonstandard extensions to . These extensions, developed in isolation, are not interoperable. CalDAV Calendar Distributed Authoring and Versioning ECML Electronic Commerce Markup Language provides a set of simple guidelines for merchants that will enable electronic wallets from multiple vendors to fill in their . defines a number of simple field types for scenarios, which should be used by for naming fields. Using these standardized fields, mechanisms on the side (such as electronic wallets) can automatically identify and fill out forms for the user, making transactions for the user more easy. KML Keyhole Markup Language UCS-2 UCS-2E Extended UCS-2 UCS-4 OIL Ontology Inference Layer CSV Comma-Separated Values The is the least common denominator for exchanging structured information. It is a simple text-based format, where values are separated by commas, and individual records are encoded on individual lines. Quotes may be used to enclose the values (but they must not be used). Each line contains the same number of values. JSON JavaScript Object Notation IWML InterWiki Markup Language EARL Evaluation and Report Language DAML DARPA Agent Markup Language UPML Unified Problem-solving Method Description Language DAML-ONT DAML Ontology OWL Web Ontology Language DAML+OIL has been used as input for the language, which can be regarded as a revision of . DCMI Dublin Core Metadata Initiative MIX Metadata for Images in XML METS Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard XOBIS XML Organic Bibliographic Information Schema MODS Metadata Object Description Schema MADS Metadata Authority Description Schema Dublin Core The is a element set intended to facilitate discovery of electronic resources. Originally conceived for author-generated description of resources, it has attracted the attention of formal resource description communities such as museums, libraries, government agencies, and commercial organizations. One example application of the elements is . SHOE Simple HTML Ontology Extensions is an -based knowledge representation language, a superset of which adds the tags necessary to embed arbitrary semantic data into pages. tags are divided into two categories. First, there are tags for constructing ontologies. ontologies are sets of rules which define what kinds of assertions documents can make and what these assertions mean. Secondly, there are tags for annotating documents to subscribe to one or more ontologies, declare data entities, and make assertions about those entities under the rules prescribed by the ontologies. DTMF Dual-Tone Multifrequency i-Mode cHTML Compact HTML CIFS Common Internet File System BMP Basic Multilingual Plane UCS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set standardized in ISO 10646 integrates all previous internationally/nationally agreed character sets into a single code set. is based on 4-octet (32-bit) coding scheme known as the "canonical form" (), but a 2-octet (16-bit) form () is used for the , where octets 1 and 2 are assumed to be 00 00. The code set is split into 128 "groups" of "planes" containing 256 "rows" with 256 "cells" for characters. Each character is addressed using multiple octets, the third (in the first) of which identifies the row containing the character and the fourth (in the second) its cell number. The first 127 characters of the used for 16-bit code interchange are those of . The characters forming the second half of the first row are those used in . HTML Forms FAQ Frequently Asked Questions s are collections of questions and answers that frequently occur for a specific subject. have a long tradition in newsgroups, where they are periodically posted for bringing new subscribers up-to-date. RFC Request For Comments s form a series of publications of networking technical documents, started in 1969 as part of the original wide-area networking () project. s cover a wide range of topics, from early discussion of new research concepts to status memos about the . The views the publication process to be sufficiently important to warrant including the editor in the membership. The status of specifications on the standards track is summarized periodically in a summary entitled "Internet Official Protocol Standards". This shows the level of maturity and other helpful information for each or service specification. The "Internet Official Protocol Standards" is the authoritative statement of the status of any particular specification, and it is the "Publication of Record" with respect to standardization. L10N Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text. The abbreviation is based on the fact that the rather lengthy word 'localization' starts with a 'l' followed by 10 characters followed by an 'n'. Usually, the most time-consuming portion of is the translation of text. Other types of data, such as sounds and images, may require if they are culturally sensitive. The formatting of dates, numbers, and currencies also must conform to local requirements. The effort required for the of a system heavily depends on how much has been taken into account when building the system. I18N Internationalization is the process of designing an application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. The abbreviation is based on the fact that the rather lengthy word 'internationalization' starts with an 'i' followed by 18 characters followed by an 'n'. An internationalized system has the following characteristics: after , the same executable can run worldwide; textual elements, such as status messages and the GUI component labels, are not hardcoded in the program (instead they are stored outside the source code and retrieved dynamically); support for new languages does not require recompilation; culturally-dependent data, such as dates and currencies, appear in formats that conform to the end user's region and language; can be done quickly. DCD Document Content Description XIOP is an experimental implementation of 's generic protocol. However, it never reached critical mass and there are no known applications or implementations. XDR External Data Representation NDR Network Data Representation DFDL Data Format Description Language CDR Common Data Representation DSDL Document Schema Definition Languages is a framework under which several s are combined. The idea of is to modularize validation of documents, in the sense that for different aspects of validation, different s can be used. The reasoning behind this approach is that no single can match all possible application requirements, and rather than creating a very complex and hard to handle , it makes more sense to create smaller, specialized s, which are easier to learn, handle, and implement. SCM Schema Component Model SCX Schema Component XML Syntax is a syntax for components. It focuses explicitly on representing components rather than including features which should make it easy for human users to write or modify an . is comparable to 's XML syntax or to , because it simply is a representation for components. What makes unique is its focus on making the components as easily accessible as possible. thus could be regarded as the document-style complement to s such as or . XSCS XML Schema Compact Syntax is a rather complex , partly because of its inherent complexity, and partly because of its syntax. In an effort to reduce the syntactic verboseness and complexity of , defines a -based (and non-) syntax for . is designed for human users, and transformations from and to syntax are implemented using -based tools. TREX Tree Regular Expressions for XML On , announced "their decision to integrate and in order to collaborate on a unified lightweight specification for validating XML-based languages". The resulting is called . RELAX Regular Language description for XML On , announced "their decision to integrate and in order to collaborate on a unified lightweight specification for validating XML-based languages". The resulting is called . RELAX NG Examplotron CRVX Character Repertoire Validation for XML s cover different areas of schema aspects, such as -based schemas (e.g., and and rule-based schemas (e.g., ). is a specialized and simple schema language for specifying character repertoire constraints for documents. It is meant as a complement for other schema languages which are often geared towards structural constraints for documents. is based on the character set which is the foundation of . NVDL Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language DTLL Data Type Library Language CRDL Character Repertoire Description Language CRVL Character Repertoire Validation Language DSRL Document Schema Renaming Language SAF Schema Adjunct Framework DPML Declarative Process Markup Language Schemachine RIF Rule Interchange Format XVIF XML Validation Interoperability Framework Schematron MNS Modular Namespaces NRL Namespace Routing Language CLIX Constraint Language in XML XCSL XML Constraint Specification Language DSD Document Structure Description XDR XML-Data Reduced has made the transition from to , which is now the used and supported by . DT4DTD Datatypes for DTDs was an early attempt to create an improved by supplementing 's with an application-oriented set of data types, but has never been used on a large scale. Samba Wf-XML Workflow XML XML-Data is a proposal authored by for the definition of . The proposal has been used as input for 's work on , which has the same application area as . In order to support 's , limited to , which is a proper subset of . SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group NTP Network Time Protocol provides the mechanisms to synchronize time and coordinate time distribution in a large, diverse operating at rates from mundane to light-wave. It uses a returnable-time design in which a distributed subnet of time s operating in a self-organizing, hierarchical-master-slave configuration synchronizes local clocks within the subnet and to national time standards via wire or radio. The s can also redistribute reference time via local routing s and time s. A simpler variant of has been specified under the name of . MADCAP Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol XUP Extensible User Interface Protocol TMX Translation Memory Exchange Format BXXP Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol BEEP Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol BIOS Basic Input/Output System CVE Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures FXPP Flexible XML Processing Profile XRX XForms, REST, and XQuery REST Representational State Transfer UCLP Universal Commerce Language and Protocol XMSG XML Messaging Specification was an early approach to specify messaging using packaging. A newer and widely accepted approach is /. ASAP Asynchronous Service Access Protocol SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol XOP XML-binary Optimized Packaging MIFFY MTOM Inclusion Format For You MTOM Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism SwA SOAP with Attachments has been developed as a way to package messages with attachments, but will be replaced by the more powerful / mechanisms. Usenet News News can be regarded as the oldest application for global distribution of information. It originated in 1979 at the University of North Carolina. It is simply a set of machines ( s) which cooperate to exchange (using ) articles tagged with one or more labels, which are called "newsgroups". Newsgroups are organized hierarchically according to the subjects of the articles belonging to them. Newsgroups or individual articles in newsgroups can be addressed using a special scheme. NNTP Network News Transport Protocol specifies a protocol for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval, and posting of articles using a reliable stream-based transmission of among the community. is designed so that articles are stored in a central database allowing a subscriber to select only those items he wishes to read. Indexing, cross-referencing, and expiration of aged messages are also provided. UTF UCS Transformation Format is used for coding characters. Although defines character codings ( and ), they are hard to use in many current applications and protocols that assume 8- or even 7-bit characters. formats usually are variable length formats, for example in a character is represented by 1 to 6 bytes, while in a character is represented by 2 to 4 bytes (, however, always encodes characters as 4 bytes). UTF-1 UTF-2 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-16LE UTF-16BE UTF-32 is the that serializes a code point as a sequence of four bytes, in either big-endian () or little-endian format. An initial sequence corresponding to U+FEFF is interpreted as a , it is used to distinguish between the two byte orders. The is not considered part of the content of the text. A serialization of code points into may or may not begin with a The term can be used ambiguously. When referring to the encoding of in memory, there is no associated byte orientation, and a is never used. When referring to a serialization of code points into bytes, it may have a and either byte orientation.. UTF-32LE UTF-32BE LDH Letter Digit Hyphen form is a for host names in the . It constrains valid names to contain only letters, digits, and hyphens. SCSU Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode X11 X Window System is a distributed window system that is based on the . In , the traditional roles of a and a are not distributed as usual, because the is the local entity (providing the service of displaying data and accepting user input), while the is the remotely running program, which uses the to provide a to the user. is based on a , which makes it very easy to separate a (possibly heavyweight) program and its . is commonly used in -derived s. CCS Coded Character Set A identifies a set of characters that are relevant and should be identifiable for some . It does not, however, specify the actual encoding of these characters, which is done by one or more s. CES Character Encoding Scheme A defines a mapping from a given set of characters (the ) to encoded forms of the characters. Thus, there can be multiple s for one . Character Set A is defining a set of characters and their encoding. Newer standards (such as ) separate these issues by defining the set of characters () and their encoding () separately, but in many cases (such as the popular ), the characters and their encoding are defined in a single step. Regular Expression BRE Basic Regular Expression ERE Extended Regular Expression ACE ASCII Compatible Encoding An is a string of characters resulting from a particular for transforming multilingual character information into an -based alphanumeric form acceptable by the existing . This means that an encoded string must conform to the restrictions for strings. RACE Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding BRACE Bi-mode Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding LACE Length-based ASCII Compatible Encoding DUDE Differential Unicode Domain Encoding ISO 8859 is a family of s standardized by . All variants are 8-bit s, containing a total of 256 characters. The variants are identified by a trailing number indicating the specific variant, for example for the Latin-1 character set. The first half of the variants (characters 0-127) is always occupied by the , while the second half (characters 128-255) is occupied by characters specific to the variant. ISO 8859-1 Latin-1 is one of the most popular character sets. However, is increasingly replacing it, because it contains some updates to the character set, most notably the euro sign. ISO 8859-15 Latin-9 is an update of , it replaces a small number of characters, and most notably introduces the euro sign. EUC Extended Unix Code Morse Baudot Murray ITA2 International Telegraph Alphabet #2 FIELDATA PURL Persistent URL URL Uniform Resource Locator A is the address of a resource which is retrievable using s already deployed on the . A defines an access , called a "scheme", and a "scheme-dependent part", which has to provide sufficient information to locate an object using the specified scheme. In case of s, the scheme is "http", and the scheme-dependent part specifies the name of the as well as the path of the object on the . Even though the term is still in widespread use, officially there is no valid specification for it (and it is unlikely that the term will ever be revived). It has been replaced by the more general term , which is the technically correct term for resource identification as used on the . MOSS MIME Object Security Services is a that uses the multipart/signed and multipart/encrypted framework to apply digital signature and services to objects. The services are offered through the use of end-to-end cryptography between an originator and a recipient at the application layer. is used in support of the digital signature service and key management. is used in support of the service. The procedures are intended to be compatible with a wide range of public key management approaches, including both ad hoc and certificate-based schemes. Mechanisms are provided to support many public key management approaches. MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions provide facilities to allow multiple objects in a single message, to represent body text in character sets other than , to represent formatted multi-font text messages, to represent non-textual material such as images and audio fragments, and generally to facilitate later extensions defining new types of for use by cooperating email agents. DIME Direct Internet Message Encapsulation as an early approach to the packaging problem of messages with attachments has been replaced by the newer / mechanisms. S/MIME Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions XMTP XML MIME Transformation Protocol IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group IETF Internet Engineering Task Force is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the architecture and the smooth operation of the . It is open to any interested individual. The actual technical work of the is done in its working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.). ISOC Internet Society IRTF Internet Research Task Force The is composed of a number of focused, long-term and small research groups. These groups work on topics related to s, applications, architecture and technology. The focuses on longer term research issues related to the , while the parallel organization, the , focuses on the shorter term issues of engineering and standards making. OS/2 Symbian MacOS Android iPhone OS iOS iPhone OS With the release of 4 in mid-2010, renamed to . VMS Virtual Memory System CP/M Control Program for Microprocessors DOS Disk Operating System Windows EPOC Unix POSIX Portable Operating System Interface Solaris Linux XFDL Extensible Forms Description Language is an vocabulary initially published 1998 as an improvement to as a note in an attempt to standardize a set of features for the next generation of secure Web-based applications. has continued to evolve and now is an host language well suited for , providing pixel precision and robust security with a dynamic range of features. XFA XML Forms Architecture has been suggested as an improvement to and has been submitted to the . However, the newer has broader support and thus is no longer under development. XForms Orbeon Forms OPS Orbeon Presentation Server OXF Open XML Framework UT0 UT1 UT2 UT Universal Time UTC Coordinated Universal Time X2Doc GMT Greenwich Mean Time SCXML State Chart XML SSCC Serial Shipping Container Code GTIN Global Trade Item Number SKU Stock Keeping Unit UPC Universal Product Code EAN European Article Number GRid Global Release Identifier ISRC International Standard Recording Code ISBN International Standard Book Number The is a nine- or ten-digit number which identifies a specific book title and is recognized worldwide. Publishers assign s to books to simplify and expedite their ordering and purchase. An number can often be found on the back of the title page of a book or at the bottom of the back cover, though many older books do not have s. Sometimes more than one book has the same , as is frequently the case with books in a series. Book records for books in a series may also contain an for the series. Separate s are usually assigned for each format of a book (such as hard-cover or paperback). Newer books frequently also have an -encoded version of the on their cover. ISSN International Standard Serial Number The is an internationally accepted code which identifies serial publications. It is an eight-digit number consisting of seven digits plus a check digit which enables a computer to recognize when the number is incorrectly cited. The check digit may be an "X", otherwise the is fully numeric. An may be used as control numbers for serial titles in automated systems, for example for identifying titles, ordering, checking in, and claiming by libraries and subscription agents. It may be used to ensure more accurate serials citation by scholars, researchers, abstractors and librarians and is particularly helpful when distinguishing between serials with identical titles. An increasingly important use of the is as a component in barcodes for magazines. SICI Serial Item and Contribution Identifier NBN National Bibliography Number CrossRef COinS Context Objects in Spans OpenURL DOI Digital Object Identifier The system is a mechanism for marking digital objects in order to facilitate and enable copyright management in a digital environment. not only provides a unique identification for digital content, but also a way to link users of the materials to the rights holders themselves to facilitate automated digital commerce. The underlying technology of is the , which associates each name with one or more locations where the object may be found. SSI Server-Side Includes make it possible to include information into pages before delivering them to a . A page using contains special instructions which are interpreted by the whenever the page is requested. These instructions may specify to include other documents (e.g., document headers or footers) or to insert dynamic information, such as the current date or an access count. There is no standard for , so each implementation uses its own syntax and functionality. XSSI Extended Server-Side Includes IAB Internet Architecture Board The is the technical body that oversees the development of the suite. It has two task forces, the and the . IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Handle System The is a comprehensive system for assigning, managing, and resolving persistent s, known as "handles", for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. Handles can be used as s. The includes an open set of s, a name space, and an implementation of the s. The s enable a distributed computer system to store handles of digital resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate and access the resources. This associated information can be changed as needed to reflect the current state of the identified resource without changing the handle, thus allowing the name of the item to persist over changes of location and other state information. Combined with a centrally administered naming authority registration service, the provides a general purpose, distributed global naming service for the reliable management of information on networks over long periods of time. W3C World Wide Web Consortium Founded in 1994 to develop common s for the evolution of the , is an international association of industrial and service companies, research laboratories, educational institutions, and organizations of all sizes. All of these organizations share a compelling interest in the long term evolution and stability of the . is a non-profit organization funded partly by commercial members. Its activities remain vendor neutral, however. also receives the support of governments who consider the the platform of choice for a global information infrastructure. IFPI International Federation of Phonographic Industry CRF Content Reference Forum GGF Global Grid Forum OAGI Open Applications Group CORE Council of Registrars RTTTL Ring Tone Text Transfer Language MINC Multilingual Internet Names Consortium WECA Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance On , has been renamed to . Wi-Fi Alliance Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity is a label for devices conforming to the standard for . The standard has been published by the , which does not perform conformance testing. In order to establish such a conformance testing process, the (formerly known as ) has been formed, which tests devices for conformance with the standard and issues the label for conforming devices. WMM Wi-Fi Multimedia WiMAX FIPA Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents IPTC International Press Telecommunications Council UN/CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business ISMA Internet Streaming Media Alliance LISA Localization Industry Standards Association OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards is a nonprofit, international dedicated to accelerating the adoption of product-independent formats based on public standards. These standards include , , and as well as others that are related to structured information processing. Members of are providers, users, and specialists of the technologies that make these standards work in practice. CALS Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistic Support CALS Tables SDIF SGML Document Interchange Format OBI Open Buying on the Internet SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Transactions OFX Open Financial Exchange ASA American Standards Association WS-I Web Services Interoperability Organization ANSI American National Standards Institute , founded in 1918, does not itself develop American National Standards; rather it facilitates development by establishing consensus among qualified groups. The Institute ensures that its guiding principles (consensus, due process, and openness) are followed by the more than 175 distinct entities currently accredited. promotes the use of US standards internationally, advocates US policy and technical positions in international and regional standards organizations, and encourages the adoption of international standards as national standards where these meet the needs of the user community. SOX Schema for Object-oriented XML WDDX Web Distributed Data Exchange Ruby Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented . The language has a concise syntax; a small number of powerful high-level data types are built in. can be extended in a systematic fashion by adding new modules implemented in a compiled such as or . Such extension modules can define new functions and variables as well as new object types. is frequently used for programming applications. Zope Z Object Publishing Environment Perl Practical Extraction and Report Language is a general purpose interpreted , often used for scanning text and printing formatted reports. It provides extensive support for matching, dynamically scoped variables and functions, extensible run-time libraries, exception handling, and packages. is frequently used for programming applications. Tcl Tool Command Language is a general-purpose, robust that can easily be integrated into new applications. One of 's most useful features is its extensibility. If an application requires some functionality not offered by standard , new commands can be implemented using the language, and integrated fairly easily. Since is so easy to extend, many people have written extension packages for common tasks, and made these freely available. is frequently used for programming applications. Tcl/Tk Tool Command Language/Tool Kit DEL Data Extraction Language is an format for describing data conversion processes from other s to . A script specifies how to locate and extract fragments from input data and where to insert them in the resulting format. The processor executing the script can use the extracted data to either create a new document or modify an existing document by creating new elements and attributes at locations specified with expressions. Gopher The is designed primarily to act as a distributed document delivery system. While documents (and services) reside on many s, software presents users with a hierarchy of items and directories much like a file system. In fact, the is designed to resemble a file system since a file system is a good model for locating documents and services. The user sees what amounts to one big networked information system containing primarily document items, directory items, and search items (the latter allowing searches for documents across subsets of the information base). Since the allows greater flexibility in the structure and presentation of distributed information, the usage of gopher services and the number of gopher servers is getting smaller. WAIS Wide Area Information Servers is designed to help users find information over a computer network. The software architecture has four main components: the , the , the database, and the . The is a that sends requests for information to local or remote s. The is a program that services requests. The generally runs on a machine containing one or more information sources, or databases. The , -1988, is used to connect s and s and is based on the 1988 version of the standard. Since the allows greater flexibility in the structure and presentation of distributed information, the usage of services and the number of s is getting smaller. NLS Online System OHS Open Hypermedia System WWW World Wide Web The is a distributed which is built on top of some of the services provided by the . It is based on the , defining a for the exchange of information between s and s. PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association P&D Plug & Display DFP Digital Flat Panel DP DisplayPort HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface GVIF Gigabit Video Interface UDI Unified Display Interface DVI Digital Visual Interface DDWG Digital Display Working Group VESA Video Electronic Standards Association PHP3 PHP4 PHP5 PHP PHP Hypertext Preprocessor is an -embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from , , and , with the addition of a couple of unique -specific features. The goal of the language is to allow developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly. is either executed as a script, or it is integrated into software, for example as an module. ZPT Zope Page Templates DTML Document Template Markup Language SaaS Software as a Service ASP Application Service Provider An is providing an application to be used by customers. In contrast to traditional software distribution, the software that provides the service is run by the , and it is accessed remotely (and thus never downloaded or installed) by the customers. A common way for providing such services is over the , where the application is accessed via various pages which in their entirety make up the . One of the best known s is HotMail, which makes an application available over the . Jelly ASP Active Server Pages XSP Extensible Server Pages is 's technology for building applications based on dynamic content. An page is a document containing tag-based directives that specify how to generate dynamic content at request time. Upon processing, these directives are replaced by generated content so that the resulting, augmented document can be subject to further processing (typically an transformation). pages are transformed into producers, typically as classes, though any scripting language for which a -based processor exists could also be used. Directives can be either built-in processing tags or user-defined library tags. built-in tags are used to embed procedural logic, substitute expressions and dynamically build nodes. User-defined library tags act as templates that dictate how program code is generated from information encoded in each dynamic tag. XML API An is an that is designed to provide programmatic access to data. In many cases, this access will use abstractions such as the , but the general concept of an does not restrict the particular "view" that an provides of data. Furthermore, an might also include additional functionality such as validation against an XML schema, or advanced access through specific languages such as . XML Schema API CGI Common Gateway Interface is an for interfacing external applications with information s, such as an . can be used with any . A plain document that the retrieves upon a request is static, which means it exists in a constant state, for example as a text file that does not change. A program, on the other hand, is executed in real-time, so that it can generate dynamic information. FastCGI is an extension of the which eliminates its drawbacks and provides high performance, while remaining highly compatible with existing applications. is conceptually very similar to , with two major differences. As the first difference, processes are persistent, after finishing a request, they wait for a new request instead of exiting. The second difference is that, instead of using environment variables and pipes, the protocol multiplexes the environment information, standard input, output and error over a single full-duplex connection. This allows programs to run on remote machines, using connections between the and the application. MD2 Message Digest 2 The takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given pre-specified target message digest. is optimized for 8-bit machines and intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be "compressed" in a secure manner before being encrypted with a private key under a system such as . MD4 Message Digest 4 The takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given pre-specified target message digest. is aimed at 32-bit machines and intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be "compressed" in a secure manner before being encrypted with a private key under a system such as . It has been shown how collisions for the full version of can be found in under a minute on a typical PC. Therefore, should now be considered broken. MD5 Message Digest 5 The takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given pre-specified target message digest. is aimed at 32-bit machines and intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be "compressed" in a secure manner before being encrypted with a private key under a system such as . HMAC Hashed Message Authentication Code WCAG Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ATAG Authouring Tools Accessibility Guidelines UAAG User Agent Accessibility Guidelines WAI Web Accessibility Initiative Chunked Encoding With the introduction of persistent connections in /1.1, the length of a resource which is sent in a response can no longer be implicitly signaled by closing the connection. However, for the majority of resources, the length is known in advance and can be given in the 's Content-Length header field. For all other resources (such as dynamically created content), can be used. transfers the message body as a sequence of chunks of known length. Base16 Base32 Base64 encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that need not be humanly readable. The encoding and decoding s are simple, but the encoded data are consistently only about 33 percent larger than the unencoded data. In , a 65-character subset of is used, enabling 6 bits to be represented per printable character. is virtually identical to the encoding used in applications. CRISP Cross Registry Internet Service Protocol LBAP Linkbase Access Protocol GIOP General Inter-ORB Protocol is the abstract which is used for communications between s. It specifies the transfer syntax and a standard set of message formats for interoperation over any connection-oriented transport . is designed to be simple and easy to implement, while still allowing for reasonable scalability and performance. CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart E-Commerce Electronic Commerce STP Straight Through Processing B2B Business-to-Business is the use of computer applications communicating over networks to allow businesses to complete a transaction or part of a transaction. In contrast to , describes the interaction of businesses. While the amount of transactions using -based technologies (often called online shopping) exceeds the amount transactions, the total value of the transactions is much larger than that of the transactions, because typically transactions are of much greater value than transactions. Access Control MAC Mandatory Access Control DAC Discretionary Access Control RBAC Role Based Access Control TBAC Task Based Access Control TMAC Team Based Access Control ACL Access Control List TPM Trusted Platform Module B2C Business-to-Consumer IIOP Internet Inter-ORB Protocol is the most commonly used for communications in . is a for the between two implementations. In a similar way to , which uses s to locate s and in requests from s to s, uses an for identifying remote objects. s can be used to invoke operations on remote systems, using for communications. IOR Interoperable Object Reference An is a data structure that stores information needed to locate and communicate with a object over one or more s. For example, an containing information stores and number information. XAML Extensible Application Markup Language AUIML Abstract User Interface Markup Language is an dialect that is a platform and a technology-neutral representation of panels, wizards, property sheets, etc. captures relative positioning information of components and delegates their display to a platform-specific renderer. Depending on the platform or device being used, the renderer decides the best way to present the to the user and receive user input. allows developers to write an application once and run it in or on the without any changes. XBEL XML Bookmark Exchange Language XBL XML Binding Language XUL XML-based User Interface Language XACL Extensible Access Control Language is no longer under development and has been integrated into . XACML Extensible Access Control Markup Language BPML Business Process Modelling Language WS-BPEL Web Service Business Process Execution Language BPEL Business Process Execution Language BPEL4WS Business Process Execution Language for Web Services represents the uniting of two previously competing standards: from , and 's . BPMI Business Process Management Initiative QTI Question and Test Interoperability HDML Handheld Device Markup Language XIML Extensible Interface Markup Language UIML User Interface Markup Language ORB Object Request Broker The is the key component of the programming model. An is responsible for transferring operations from s to s. This requires the to locate a implementation (and possibly activate it), transmit the operation and its parameters, and finally return the results back to the . Intranet An is a network which uses the suite on top of its networking system, but is internal to some . In most cases, an is connected to the , but an can also be operated as a standalone network. Islands of s can be connected by using technologies to form a virtual spanning the isolated parts. Internet The is the entirety of all computers which are interconnected (using various physical ing techniques) and employ the suite on top of their networking systems. ODMG Object Data Management Group OMG Object Management Group Established in 1989, promotes the theory and practice of object technology for the development of distributed computing systems. The goal is to provide a common architectural framework for object oriented applications based on widely available interface specifications. has a membership of over 800 software vendors, software developers, and end users. is standardized by the . ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers MDA Model Driven Architecture PIM Platform-Independent Model PSM Platform-Specific Model MTL Model Transformation Language VIATRA Visual Automated Model Transformations GReAT Graph Rewriting and Transformation CWM Common Warehouse Metamodel MOF Meta Object Facility P2P Peer to Peer networking is a network model where, depending on an operation's context, any node can operate as either a or a . provides certain interesting capabilities not possible in traditional networks, which have predefined or roles for their nodes. CSCW Computer Supported Cooperative Work OOP Object-Oriented Programming is the act of applying the principles of in a given programming environment. does not necessarily have to be practiced using an object-oriented , but object-oriented s facilitate by providing language constructs for the main concepts of , which are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. AOP Aspect-Oriented Programming DIP Dependency Inversion Principle OCP Open Closed Principle LSP Liskov Substitution Principle ISP Interface Segregation Principle SOC Separation Of Concerns JXTA JNLP Java Network Launching Protocol ODP Open Distributed Processing OAGIS Open Applications Group Integration Specification IDL Interface Definition Language CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture describes the architecture of a middleware platform that supports the implementation of applications in distributed and heterogeneous environments. The standard is issued by . In contrast to other middleware platforms such as 's , is a specification that does not prescribe any specific technology. SAN Storage Area Network VPN Virtual Private Network A is a private (often an ) that makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling and security procedures. A can be contrasted with a system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one company. The main purpose of a is to give the company the same capabilities as private leased lines at much lower cost by using the shared public infrastructure. LAN Local Area Network WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network WLAN Wireless LAN A is a that is based on a . technology makes using s easier, because users can roam within the coverage area of the without having to deal with cables. MAN Metropolitan Area Network WAN Wide Area Network DTM Dynamic Synchronous Transfer Mode ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Forum BLOB Binary Large Object A is a concept for storing large quantities of unstructured data in a . A is unstructured as seen from the perspective of the 's , but it often has some well-known internal structure (for example a particular when storing images in a ). DMZ Demilitarized Zone A is a part of an (or the complete) which is assumed to match a security standard superior to the network outside of the . A usually is separated from other networks (less secure parts of the and/or the ) by a or a similar way of filtering out potentially harmful network traffic. MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching IPR Intellectual Property Rights are temporary grants of monopoly intended to give economic incentives for innovative activity. exist in the form of patents, copyrights, and trademarks. FSX File System XML SysML Systems Modeling Language UML Unified Modeling Language OCL Object Constraint Language NIAM Natural Language Information Analysis Method ORM Object-Relational Model RM Relational Model HNER Heterogeneous Nested Entity Relationship HNR Heterogeneous Nested Relations EMX Entity Model for XML Schema CoDEX Conceptual Design and Evolution of XML Schemas ER Entity-Relationship Model XER Extensible Entity Relationship Modeling XMI XML Metadata Interchange C-XML Conceptual XML EReX ER extended for XML ERX Entity-Relationship for XML EER Extended Entity-Relationship Model VoIP Voice over IP describes the of using the rather than the as for telephony. can be implemented in a variety of ways. .NET ADO ActiveX Data Objects ActiveX is the name has given to a set of object-oriented concepts, technologies, and tools. It is important to notice that is not a specific technology, but a brand name, what it's applied to can vary over time. However, the main technology is . Used in a network with a directory and additional support, becomes the . The main object that is created when writing a program to run in the environment is a component, a self-sufficient program that can be run anywhere in the network. This component is known as an " control". An control is roughly equivalent to a . One important difference is that an control must be compiled for a specific platform, while an is platform-independent. COM Component Object Model 's is a software architecture that allows applications to be built from binary software components. is the underlying architecture that forms the foundation for higher-level software services, like those provided by . defines a binary standard for function calling between components, a way for components to dynamically discover the interfaces implemented by other components, and a mechanism to identify components and their interfaces uniquely. OpenDoc is an open, multi-platform architecture for component software developed mainly by and . It is a as well as an that makes it possible to design independent programs (components) that can work together on a single document. In favor of technology, announced its plans to reduce its investment in technologies. The competing product to is 's . OLE Object Linking and Embedding is a compound document standard developed by . makes it possible to create objects with one application and link or embed them in a second application. Embedded objects retain their original format and links to the application that created them. Support for is built into the and s. A competing compound document standard developed mainly by and is called . OLAP On-line Analytical Processing MOLAP Multidimensional OLAP ROLAP Relational OLAP HOLAP Hybrid OLAP WSDM Web Services Distributed Management MOWS Management of Web Services MUWS Management Using Web Services GXA Global XML Web Services Architecture DCOM Distributed Component Object Model is a that enables software components to communicate directly over a network in a reliable, secure, and efficient manner. Previously called , is designed for use across multiple network transports, including s such as . is based on and . RealNetworks Compaq HP Hewlett-Packard Toshiba Olympus Fuji Film Fujitsu SGI Silicon Graphics, Inc. AMD Intel NEC Corporation DEC Digital Equipment Corporation ZigBee Bluetooth CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data DECT Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Cookie Originally introduced by , s are a general mechanism which side applications, such as scripts, can use to both store and retrieve information on the side of the connection. Basically, s can be used to compensate for the stateless nature of . The addition of a simple, persistent, client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of -based applications. JFC Java Foundation Classes AWT Abstract Windowing Toolkit SWT Standard Widget Toolkit is 's toolkit similar to . It is intermediate in complexity between and . It is considerably faster than . JFace Swing ISO RPC OSI RPC DCE RPC ONC RPC RMI Remote Method Invocation is an mechanism enabling programmers to create distributed applications, in which the methods of remote objects can be invoked from another , possibly on a different host. A program can make a call on a remote object once it obtains a reference to the remote object, either by looking up the remote object in the bootstrap naming service provided by , or by receiving the reference as an argument or a return value. A can call a remote object in a , and that can also be a of other remote objects. uses object serialization to marshal and unmarshal parameters and does not truncate types, supporting true object-oriented polymorphism. RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol RPC Remote Procedure Call LZ77 Lempel-Ziv is a data that builds a dictionary of frequently repeated groups of bit patterns on a per-file basis and represents these frequent patterns as shorter bit patterns (using the dictionary). PackBits bzip2 Deflate PPM Prediction by Partial Matching LZS Lempel-Ziv-Stac LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch is a refinement of the . The is patented by Unisys Corporation. LZO Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer is a format which is suitable for data de-/compression in real-time. This means it favors speed over compression ratio. IrDA Infrared Data Association ISC Internet Software Consortium OSF Open Software Foundation Open Group CLF Common Log Format is a log file for s, containing information about the host, identification of the user (if available), authorized user-name (if available), date, the request line itself, and the returned status and number of bytes. Although most s can be configured to produce other s of log files, many tools exist to analyze files, so custom log file s should only be used if absolutely necessary. DMTF Distributed Management Task Force OMA Open Mobile Alliance WAP Forum PKI Forum XCMS XML Cryptographic Message Syntax is used to digitally sign or encrypt arbitrary messages. describes an encapsulation syntax for data protection. It supports digital signatures and . The syntax allows multiple encapsulation, so one encapsulation envelope can be nested inside another. Likewise, one party can digitally sign some previously encapsulated data. It also allows arbitrary attributes, such as signing time, to be authenticated along with the message content, and provides for other attributes such as counter-signatures to be associated with a signature. CMS Cryptographic Message Syntax is used to digitally sign or encrypt arbitrary messages. describes an encapsulation syntax for data protection. It supports digital signatures and . The syntax allows multiple encapsulation, so one encapsulation envelope can be nested inside another. Likewise, one party can digitally sign some previously encapsulated data. It also allows arbitrary attributes, such as signing time, to be authenticated along with the message content, and provides for other attributes such as counter-signatures to be associated with a signature. XAdES XML Advanced Electronic Signatures SOM XML Schema Object Model XSD XML Schema Infoset Model XSOM XML Schema Object Model JAXR Java API for XML Registries JAX-WS Java API for XML Web Services JAX-WSA Java API for XML Web Services Addressing SAAJ SOAP with Attachments API for Java JAXM Java API for XML Messaging JSAPI Java Speech API Aldus JTAPI Java Telephony API JAIN Java APIs for Integrated Networks SNAQue Strathclyde Novel Architecture for Querying XML JAXB Java Architecture for XML Binding WAVE Waveform Audio File Format is a proprietary standard for audio files developed by . The format can store monaural or multichannel sampled sounds in a range of sampling types, sample rates and sample resolutions. AIFF Audio Interchange File Format is a proprietary developed by . The format can store monaural or multichannel sampled sounds in a range of sample rates and sample resolutions. Although originally did not support compressed audio data, a new version of the format called has been defined which allows compression. vCard vCalendar vCal FOURCC Four Character Code RIFF Resource Interchange File Format AIFF-C AIFF Compressed is an extended version of 's . It incorporates compression features, which have not been included in the original . QuickTime is 's architecture for handling multimedia data. First versions of were basically a for audio and video, newer versions integrate streaming capabilities as well as more media types, including support for 3D and virtual reality. Being a proprietary technology, can be compared to 's . AVI Audio Video Interleave 's file format is used for storing audio and/or video information. It is a common format for audio and video files within PC environments. Being a proprietary technology, can be functionally compared to 's . 's is a newer format which has been designed to eventually replace . ASF Advanced Streaming Format 's is an extensible file format designed to store synchronized multimedia data. It supports data delivery over a wide variety of networks and protocols while still proving suitable for local playback. The explicit goal of is to provide a basis for industry-wide multimedia interoperability. Each file is composed of one or more media streams. The file header specifies the properties of the entire file, along with stream-specific properties. Multimedia data, stored after the file header, references a particular media stream number to indicate its type and purpose. The delivery and presentation of all media stream data is synchronized to a common time-line. 's functionality is similar to the one provided by 's . The intent is that in the long run will replace the older format. XMLP XML Protocol CG Conceptual Graphs KIF Knowledge Interchange Format JSX Java Serialization to XML JTA Java Transaction API TrAX Transformation API for XML is an for transforming documents using style sheets. is a and has been defined to provide common access to different s. is part of the , which combines a number of s. JAXP Java API for XML Processing is an for parsing and processing. It is an abstraction layer (i.e., an for other s) which can be used to access -specific functionality from within programs. supports parsing documents using the or s, and processing documents with using the . JAAS Java Authentication and Authorization Service MSMQ Microsoft Message Queuing MQSeries JMS Java Message Service JMX Java Management Extensions CBL Common Business Library was a research project aimed at testing how good could be used as a foundation for . It has been replaced by the newer . THP Tentative Hold Protocol BTP Business Transaction Protocol xCBL XML Common Business Library was a proprietary for data exchange. It has been replaced by the newer , which is standardized as an open standard by . STEP Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data EXPRESS xNL Extensible Name Language xAL Extensible Address Language xNAL Extensible Name and Address Language ebXML Electronic Business XML UDDI Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration provides a standardized method for publishing and discovering information about Web services. is an industry initiative that attempts to create a platform-independent, open framework for describing services, discovering businesses, and integrating business services. focuses on the process of discovery in the ( is often used for service description, and for service invocation). Being a Web service itself, is invoked using . In addition, also defines how to operate servers and how to manage replication among several servers. AIIM Association for Information and Image Management WfMC Workflow Management Coalition CMC Certificate Management protocol using CMS SCVP Server-based Certificate Validation Protocol OGSA Open Grid Services Architecture SOA Service-Oriented Architecture CRL Certificate Revocation List OCSP Online Certificate Status Protocol Certificate s are digital documents attesting to the binding of a public key to an individual or other entity. They allow verification of the claim that a given public key does in fact belong to a given individual. s help prevent someone from using a phony key to impersonate someone else. In their simplest form, s contain a public key and a name. As commonly used, a also contains an expiration date, the name of the that issued the , a serial number, and perhaps other information. Most importantly, it contains the digital signature of the certificate issuer. The most widely accepted format for certificates is , thus, s can be read or written by any application complying with . CA Certification Authority A is an authority trusted by one or more users to create and assign s. Optionally the may create the user's keys. It is important to note that the is responsible for the s during their whole lifetime, not just for issuing them. KEA Key Exchange Algorithm PKIX Public-Key Infrastructure X.509 CLDAP Connection-less LDAP LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol was defined in order to encourage adoption of directories. was regarded as being too complex for simple s to use. defines a relatively simple for updating and searching directories running over . DAP Directory Access Protocol is the original protocol for accessing . Since is based on and rather complex, a simplified variant of based on the has been designed, which is called . Today this simpler variant is more popular than itself. DSP Directory System Protocol X.400 X.500 is an open, distributed, online directory service which is intended to be global in scope. is a support service for data exchange which includes providing directory support for data communication services specified by other application standards. The series of standards covers services available to users, the functional model and protocols connecting the component parts of the directory, an information framework and a schema of the information held by the directory, and a mechanism for allowing components to authenticate each other. X.509 Directory Authentication Framework describes two levels of , simple authentication, based on use of a password to verify user identity, and strong authentication, using credentials created by cryptographic methods. The standard recommends that only strong authentication should be used as the basis of providing secure services. is used for strong authentication, but is not dependent on the use of a particular cryptographic , though two users wishing to authenticate must support the same . MCF Meta Content Framework is a proposal authored by for the definition of . The proposal has been used as input for 's work on . WPF Windows Presentation Foundation Silverlight Apollo AIR Adobe Integrated Runtime JavaFX Flash Shockwave Macromedia DOAP Description of a Project FOAF Friend of a Friend OOXML Office Open XML Open XML ODF OpenDocument Format RTF Rich Text Format lex yacc Yet Another Compiler Compiler flex bison ANTLR Another Tool for Language Recognition PCCTS Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set JavaCC Java Compiler Compiler ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network TriQL RDF Query RDFQ RDF Query RDQL RDF Data Query Language BRQL Bristol RDF Query Language On , has been renamed to . SPARQL Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language N3 Notation 3 is an alternative syntax for , which is less verbose than and easier to read and write for humans. RDF/XML TriX RDF Triples in XML RDF/A RDF in Attributes RDFa RDF in Attributes RDFS RDF Schema RDF Resource Description Framework is designed to provide an infrastructure supporting across many -based activities. is the result of a number of communities bringing together their needs to provide a robust and flexible architecture for supporting on the and the . Example applications include site maps, content ratings, stream channel definitions, search engine data collection, digital library collections, and distributed authoring. allows different application communities to define the property set that best serves the needs of each community. provides a uniform and interoperable means to exchange the between programs and across the . Furthermore, provides a means for publishing both a human-readable and a machine-understandable definition of the property set itself. uses as the transfer syntax in order to leverage other tools and code bases being built around . PKCS Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of . First published in 1991 as a result of meetings with a small group of early adopters of technology, the documents have become widely referenced and implemented. The standards cover , key agreement, password-based , extended-certificate syntax, , private key information syntax, and certification request syntax, as well as selected attributes. Contributions from the series have become part of many formal and de facto standards, including , , , and . PKCS-5 PKCS-7 PKCS-9 PKCS-10 RC2 RC4 RC5 RC6 Diffie-Hellman key agreement describes a method whereby two parties, without any prior arrangements, can agree upon a secret key that is known only to them (and, in particular, is not known to an eavesdropper listening to the dialogue by which the parties agree on the key). This secret key can be used, for example, to encrypt further communications between the parties using . The intended application of this standard is in s for establishing secure connections. Details on the interpretation of the agreed-upon secret key are outside the scope of key agreement, as are details on sources of the pseudo-random bits required by this method. The key exchange is vulnerable to a middleperson attack. This vulnerability is due to the fact that key exchange does not authenticate the participants. RSA Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman is a system for both and (its name is derived from the surnames of the three inventors). For , is combined with a system, such as , to encrypt a message by means of an digital envelope. For , is usually combined with a , such as , to sign a message. ECC Elliptic Curve Cryptography Basic Authentication Digest Access Authentication AKA Authentication and Key Agreement RSA Security Rijndael Skipjack SAFER Secure And Fast Encryption Routine FEAL Fast Data Encipherment Algorithm DESX Data Encryption Standard XORed DES Data Encryption Standard was originally developed at . has been extensively studied since its publication and is the most well-known and widely used cryptosystem in the world. is an implementing , when used for communications, both sender and receiver must know the same secret key, which is used both to encrypt and decrypt the message. can also be used for single-user , such as to store files on a hard disk in encrypted form. In a multi-user environment, secure key distribution may be difficult. provides an ideal solution to this problem. Even though has been cryptographically enhanced by using three rounds, yielding , the general consensus is that is too weak for some scenarios, and the stronger will eventually replace . DEA Data Encryption Algorithm 3DESE Triple DES Encryption 3DES Triple DES TDEA Triple DEA AES Advanced Encryption Standard is the replacement of , because recent research and attacks have shown that DES is not as safe as necessary for some applications. has been chosen from a number of candidates based on criteria such as efficiency, robustness, and cryptographical safety. AEA Advanced Encryption Algorithm SET Secure Electronic Transaction is an industry-wide designed to safely transmit sensitive personal and financial information over public s. contains state-of-the-art cryptographic technology that provides online transaction security that is equivalent or superior to the safeguards in present physical, , and telephone card transactions. is the set of s used in . The is . SHS Secure Hash Standard DSS Digital Signature Standard was published by in the standard. is for only. In , signature generation is faster than signature verification, whereas in , signature verification is faster than signature generation (if the public and private exponents, respectively, are chosen for this property, which is the usual case). claims that it is an advantage of that signing is faster, but many people in cryptography think that it is better for verification to be the faster operation. SHA Secure Hash Algorithm SHA-0 Due to a cryptographic weakness in the first version of , it was withdrawn by and replaced by an improved version, . Because of this, the first version of standard today is frequently referred to as . SHA-1 SHA-2 SHA-224 SHA-256 SHA-384 SHA-512 DSA Digital Signature Algorithm ECDSA Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm DBMS Database Management System ORDBMS Object-Relational Database Management System RDBMS Relational Database Management System XDBMS XML Database Management System OODBMS Object-Oriented Database Management System CLI Call Level Interface ODBC Open Database Connectivity DocBook HSG Help System Generator DITA Darwin Information Typing Architecture EBX Electronic Book Exchange BBeB Broadband eBook OEB Open eBook IOTP Internet Open Trading Protocol OTP Open Trading Protocol JCA Java Cryptography Architecture JCE Java Cryptography Extension JNDI Java Naming and Directory Interface NetWare NDS Novell Directory Services SQLj JDO Java Data Objects XQJ XQuery API for Java JDBC Java Database Connectivity XUpdate XML Update Language SiXDML Simple XML Data Manipulation Language OQL Object Query Language SQL/XML YQL Yahoo! Query Language FIQL Feed Item Query Language SQL Structured Query Language QBE Query by Example XSQL GeoRSS WOFF Web Open Font Format OFF Open Font Format WebFonts The specification is part of , it allows improved client-side font matching, enables font synthesis and progressive rendering, and enables fonts to be downloaded over the . However, does not specify a particular for downloadable fonts, it only defines a mechanism for font description. OpenType The is an extension of the , adding support for font data. The was developed jointly by and . As with fonts, fonts allow the handling of large glyph sets using encoding. Such encoding allows broad international support, as well as support for typographic glyph variants. Additionally, fonts may contain digital signatures, allowing s and s to identify the source and integrity of font files, including embedded font files obtained in documents, before using them. Also, font developers can encode embedding restrictions in fonts, and these restrictions cannot be altered in a font signed by the developer. Type 1 Originally developed by for their page description language, the has been accepted as an standard. fonts use a specialized subset of the language which is optimized for better performance and a more compact representation. The operator set includes hint information which helps font rasterizers create more accurate bitmaps for smaller sizes and lower resolutions. is one of the foundations for the . TrueType is a developed by and licensed to . is the native for and . contains a hierarchical set of tables and glyph representations. Characters can be hinted on a per character and point size basis yielding excellent quality at screen resolutions. fonts for and have few differences, though they can be different enough to prevent cross platform usage. Font foundries provide fonts for each platform and usually include a license preventing electronic manipulation to achieve cross platform transparency. is one of the foundations for the . XXL Flexible XML Search Language XIRQL XML Information Retrieval Query Language XQL XML Query Language World DAB Forum DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting BER Basic Encoding Rules CXER Canonical XML Encoding Rules XER XML Encoding Rules is a set of encoding rules that encode data in document syntax. While this encoding is not as compact as other encoding rules commonly used for , it enables users to on the one hand use 's powerful syntax, and on the other hand generate data from it which can be processed using existing tools (such as ). Furthermore, because uses syntax, it is human-readable, while all other encoding rules generate binary data. CER Canonical Encoding Rules GSER Generic String Encoding Rules DER Distinguished Encoding Rules PER Packed Encoding Rules MHM Multiplexed Hierarchical Modeling OPC Open Packaging Conventions RAR Roshal Archive ZIP XMLPPM XML-Conscious PPM Compression XMill XBIS XML Binary Infoset is an encoding format for documents that is fully convertible to and from text, with equivalence between the original document text and regenerated document text. It is intended for use in transmitting documents between application components, and is therefore designed for processing speed. XCQ Millau SXML Schema-driven XML SDOM Schema-driven DOM SAS Schema-driven SAX ESAX Encoded SAX Canonical XML refers to that is in canonical form. XML canonicalization is a process that generates the of a given document. specifies the syntax of documents. specifies additional syntax and semantics for documents. Because of the syntax of , it is possible for documents which are equivalent for the purposes of many applications to differ in physical representation. For example, they may differ in whitespace occurrences, their entity structure, attribute ordering, and character encoding. establishes a method for determining whether two documents are identical, or whether an application has not changed a document, except for transformations permitted by and . SDXF Structured Data Exchange Format The purpose of is to permit the interchange of an arbitrary structured data block with different kinds of data (numerical, text, bitstrings, ...). Because data is normalized to an abstract computer architecture independent "network format", is usable as a network interchange . is also capable of compressing and encrypting parts or the whole block of data. CHM Compiled HTML Help Format DVB Digital Video Broadcasting DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial DVB-C Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable DVB-S Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite HAVi Home Audio Video Interoperability DAVIC Digital Audio Video Council ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association is an international, europe-based industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems. Many standards have been accepted as a base for international and european standards. To ensure close cooperation has established formal liaisons with all european and international standardization bodies. standards are developed by highly qualified experts from information technology and telecommunication industry with the commitment to provide in a consensus mode technical solutions ready for implementation in product development and conformance testing. RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol IEEE 802 IEEE 802.2 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.4 IEEE 802.5 IEEE 802.6 IEEE 802.16 A standard with a maximum bandwidth of 268 Mbps. It is designed for systems in the frequency ranges 10-66 GHz and sub 11 GHz. IEEE 802.11n A standard with a maximum bandwidth of 540 Mbps, it was designed to replace the slower and . It operates in the 2.4 and 5 GHz frequency bands. is not expected to be finalized as a stable specification before 2008. However, vendors already start selling equipment according to draft versions of the standard. This equipment is often labeled as "Draft N", "802.11n Draft", or "Draft 802.11n", and most vendors claim that it will be upgradable once the specification is finalized. IEEE 802.11i is the successor of the security layer for s. defines mechanisms for and and enables users to securely communicate within a wireless environment. IEEE 802.11g A standard with a maximum bandwidth of 54 Mbps, it was designed to replace the slower . It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11a A standard with a maximum bandwidth of 54 Mbps, it was designed to replace the slower . It operates in the 5 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11b A standard with a maximum bandwidth of 11 Mbps, it was designed to replace the slower . It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11 A standard with a maximum bandwidth of 2 Mbps. It is a wireless variant of the protocol. It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.4 SSID Service Set Identifier BSS Basic Service Set TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access was created by the in 2002, in part out of impatience with the slow-moving standard. The industry consortium's consensus was that an alternative to was needed quickly, and was the result. To avoid multiple standards and conflicts later on, was designed from the get-go to be compatible with and was based on its early draft specifications. The finalized version of is now referred to as . WPA2 Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 is the final version of authentication for wireless networks and thus is an updated version of , which is based on earlier draft versions of the standard. Older hardware might only support and authentication, whereas newer hardware often supports , , and . WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy as the method of devices is now widely recognized as flawed. used the same key among all communicating devices. 's problems are well-known, including an insufficient key length and no automated method for distributing the keys. can be easily cracked in a couple of hours with off-the-shelf tools. For reasonable security, or its successor, , are the alternatives. WebStone is a benchmark for measuring the performance of platforms (software and hardware combined). It is designed to measure the performance of s under multiple scenarios which reflect different site profiles. The test uses workload parameters and clients to generate traffic that allows an to be stressed in a number of different ways. SPECweb a standardized benchmark for comparing performance. The benchmark is designed to provide comparable measures of how well systems can handle GET requests. The workload s based upon analysis of logs from sites ranging from a small personal server up through some of the 's most popular servers. SPEC Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation was founded in 1988 by a small number of workstation vendors. has grown to become one of the more successful performance standardization bodies with more than 40 member companies. publishes several hundred different performance results each quarter spanning across a variety of system performance disciplines. The goal of is to ensure that the marketplace has a fair and useful set of metrics to differentiate candidate systems. The path chosen is an attempt to balance between requiring strict compliance and allowing vendors to demonstrate their advantages. LLC Logical Link Control Ethernet CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection Token Bus Token Ring QPSX Queued Packet Switch Exchange DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus FDDI Fibre Distributed Data Interface MAC Message Authentication Code A is an tag (also called a checksum) derived by application of an authentication scheme, together with a secret key, to a message. s are computed and verified with the same key so they can only be verified by the intended receiver, unlike digital signatures. s can be derived from various cryptographic techniques and s, such as , , or . MAC Media Access Control QoS Quality of Service IntServ Integrated Services DiffServ Differentiated Services NAT Network Address Translation SKIP Simple Key management for Internet Protocols ARPANET The is the precursor to the . It was established through an -funded research program in 1968 and provided the foundation of the by providing the s as well as the infrastructure. The original grew into the . ARP Address Resolution Protocol PGP Pretty Good Privacy GPG GNU Privacy Guard DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , until 1973 known as , is the main source for research funds in the United States. In particular, the (its first infrastructure as well as the protocol suite) originated from the , a network which was first designed for US military purposes with the primary design goal to be robust. CCITT Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony Former name of the before it was renamed in 1993. Annotea Hyper-G Hyperwave ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ITU International Telecommunication Union is an , within which the public and private sectors cooperate for the development of telecommunications. adopts international regulations and treaties governing all terrestrial and space uses of the frequency spectrum as well as the use of the geostationary-satellite orbit, within which countries adopt their national legislation. It also develops standards to facilitate the interconnection of telecommunication systems on a worldwide scale regardless of the type of technology used. RAB RAID Advisory Board RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks WGS84 World Geodetic System 84 GPS Global Positioning System EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service is an overlay system for the service which enhances the accuracy of navigation by transmitting differential information. can be used in Europe only (similar services are available as in North America and as in Japan). WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System is an overlay system for the service which enhances the accuracy of navigation by transmitting differential information. can be used in North America only (similar services are available as in Europe and as in Japan). MSAS MTSAT Satellite based Augmentation System is an overlay system for the service which enhances the accuracy of navigation by transmitting differential information. can be used in Japan only (similar services are available as in North America and as in Europe). EDAP Extended Data Availability and Protection SIM Subscriber Identity Module GSM Global System for Mobile Communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common european mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide. was designed to be compatible with services. The disadvantage of this design is the focus on circuit-switched technologies, which currently makes less than ideally suited for mobile data access. However, with the introduction of in newer versions of the standard, becomes capable of handling packet-switched traffic. JSTL JSP Standard Tag Library JSF JavaServer Faces JSP Java Server Pages 's technology uses -like tags and scriptlets written in to encapsulate the logic that generates the content for a or page. Additionally, the application logic can reside in server-based resources that the page accesses with these tags and scriptlets. Any and all formatting tags ( or ) are passed directly back to the response page. This separates the page logic from its design and display, and thereby supports a reusable component-based design. is an extension of the . is 's proprietary technology to compete with 's . JVM Java Virtual Machine The is the "processor architecture" on which bytecode (a compiled program) is executed. In contrast to other processor architectures, is mostly implemented in software, and available for a large variety of hardware platforms, ranging from mainframe computers to mobile phones and small embedded devices. Java is a general-purpose object-oriented . is interesting in the context of the because it is compiled into "bytecode", which is executed on a . This design makes programs platform-independent, and s, a special form of programs, can be integrated into documents. Most s today contain a and a run-time environment for s. V.32 V.34 V.90 SML Standard ML Haskell Scheme Lisp List Processor C Eiffel C# C++ MIDlet A is a application. Like an , a is a managed application. Instead of being managed by a , however, it is managed by special-purpose application-management software built into the device, often a cell phone or a two-way interactive pager. External management of the application makes sense in this context because it may be interrupted at any point by outside events. It would be poor behavior, for example, for a running application to prevent the user from answering incoming phone calls. MIDP Mobile Information Device Profile applet An is a special type of program that can be included in an page, much as an image can be included. When using a -compatible to view a page that contains an , the 's code is transferred to and executed by the . Since an is platform-independent, the same can be executed on all types of platforms, as long as they support . servlet WLL Wireless Local Loop WAP Wireless Application Protocol The idea of the "Mobile Web", a way to access the from mobile devices, appeared when the first data services for mobile phones (such as ) became available. was designed as the set of standards to reach that goal. failed because it was based on non- standards. is based on and standards and thus more likely to succeed. WAP2 Wireless Application Protocol 2 WAP1 Wireless Application Protocol 1 enables mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information services. is not a single standard for data communications or document formats, but a whole suite of specifications ranging from data transport s to the , which is a markup language similar to , but based on and specifically designed for wireless devices. There are five layers to the stack: the application layer (), the session layer (), the transaction layer (), the security layer (), and the transport layer (). WAE Wireless Application Environment is the uppermost layer in the software stack, this layer provides basic components on which s can develop their mobile applications. WTA Wireless Telephony Application is a part of 's . is an application framework for telephony services. provides four services: , repository, event handling, and service information. WTAI Wireless Telephony Application Interface defines a set of -related functions in a wireless device that can be invoked via or . WSP Wireless Session Protocol forms the interface between and the rest of the stack. operates in two modes, connectionless and connection, supports the transmission of , and can be regarded as the binary equivalent of . SMPP Short Message Peer-to-Peer Protocol WTP Wireless Transaction Protocol Codec Coder/Decoder A is an entity that is responsible for encoding and decoding some . s can be implemented in hardware or software. A typical example is an , which is responsible for decoding an audio stream for playback, or encoding it for transmission or storage using the compact . Modem Modulation/Demodulation A converts digital signals into analog signals which can be transmitted over an analog line (in many cases a connection), and transforms incoming analog signals into their digital equivalents. The specific technique used to encode the digital bits into analog signals is called "", which defines the exact method of encoding and the data transfer speed. A typically supports more than one . PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network refers to the established international telephone system carrying voice data over circuit switched connections. Newer developments such as are completely digital, while traditionally works on an analog basis (even though -based networks also increasingly are implemented using digital technologies). TeX is a typesetting system for high-quality document preparation. itself does not provide a like most word processing programs, but is invoked to process a document which contains commands and the actual content. Because of its superior formatting of mathematical formulae, is very popular in the scientific community. is most often used in the form of , which is a macro package based on . Another popular tool in the context of is , a program for processing bibliographic databases. BibTeX is a simple but popular and program for storing and processing bibliographic references. In almost all cases it is used together with , but it can also be used to create other kinds of output. MARC Machine Readable Cataloguing CANMARC USMARC MARC 21 UNIMARC Universal MARC BiblioML OPML Outline Processor Markup Language is a that can be used to exchange subscription lists between programs that read files, such as feed readers and aggregators. TeXML TeX Markup Language BibTeXML BibTeX Markup Language is an representation for data. The advantage of over the standard format is the availability of tools for processing data in general, and the ease of integration of into an -based environment. LaTeX is a macro package based on the typesetting system. provides macros for the most frequently used document concepts, such as sectioning, lists, or tables. PDFLaTeX is a special version of which directly produces output. Special commands in the source can be used to control special features, such as cross references or bookmarks. CTTM Conference Time-Table Management JServ Tomcat Geronimo JBoss Jakarta WTLS Wireless Transport Layer Security Protocol sits between and layers in the stack, and is responsible for providing transport layer security between the client and or . is optimized for narrowband communication. X12 ASC X12 XML/EDI T9 Text on 9 keys is a technology for rapidly typing alphanumeric text on a numeric keypad. It is based on a dictionary and thus language-dependent. is often used on mobile phones to facilitate text input for messaging, for example for composing messages. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Thesaurus RSS is a format for information syndication, enabling the publishing of data which can then be reused in other contexts. sources are often called "feeds", meaning that new information is produced and published regularly and can be obtained from these feeds. and are competing versions of , and since both versions have been produced by competing authors, it is not possible to say which is one really is the "current" version. This status problem is an important insecurity with and the reason why the newer may replace in the mid term. RSS2 Really Simple Syndication RSS1 RDF Site Summary SLE Simple List Extensions AtomPub Atom Publishing Protocol Atom defines a feed for representing and a for editing resources such as s, online journals, s, and similar content. The feed enables syndication; that is, provision of a channel of information by representing multiple resources in a single document (similar to ). The editing enables agents to interact with resources by nominating a way of using existing standards in a pattern. Blog Weblog A is a constantly changing site which is updated with news and/or comments. often contain many links to other resources and can thus serve as a useful help for locating information about a subject. may have not any focus at all, or they may concentrate around selected areas of personal or professional interest. Wiki A is similar to a in that it is constantly changing and usually contains many links to resources. The difference is that s are maintained as a collaborate effort (of open or closed user groups), and the main idea behind s is that adding and editing data should be simple and -based (usually using ). CAM Content Assembly Mechanism EDI Electronic Data Interchange is the computer-to-computer exchange of business data in standard formats. In , information is organized according to a specified format set by both parties, allowing an automated computer transaction that requires no human intervention or rekeying on either end. The information contained in an transaction set is, for the most part, the same as on a conventionally printed document. standards in the US are set and published by the ASC X12 committee of . International EDI standards are known as standards. EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport WDP Wireless Datagram Protocol HyTime Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language TEI Text Encoding Initiative WML Wireless Markup Language is the for . is based on (it is formally defined by an ). pages can be stored on any , which will be contacted by a and deliver the page. The then transforms the page into , which is then transmitted to the device. is similar to in its design, and also defines which may be used to implement dynamic . XTalk is a pseudo-binary format intended to make the parsing task even more simple than what was originally envisioned by the creators. It is not, however, intended to be a replacement for general documents. is best used as an intermediate representation exchanged by high-performance, distributed services that run on anything and everything from the hand-held to the mainframe. The representation may also be suitable for storage in s. WBXML Wireless Binary XML is a binary format for , the of . may either be delivered by the origin server itself, or the origin server delivers , and the performs the transformation between and . works by defining a tokenization method for , where each element and each attribute is represented by a compact binary token. EXI Efficient XML Interchange XBC XML Binary Characterization IDF International DOI Foundation ACM Association for Computing Machinery IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers GNU GNU's Not Unix! FSF Free Software Foundation IEC International Electrotechnical Commission NISO National Information Standards Organization IPA International Phonetic Association ISO International Organization for Standardization OSI Open Systems Interconnection is a reference model for computer communications. It was created as a competitor of the s. While as a whole has not been very successful, parts of it are widely used, and many concepts pioneered in are slowly finding their way into technologies. is defined in terms of different "layers". -based applications belong to the "application layer" (layer 7) of the "Basic Reference Model". The application layer resides above the "presentation layer" (layer 6), which identifies alternative encodings, and the "session layer" (layer 5), providing dialogue control. Collectively, these three layers provide application services, and are commonly referred to as the "upper layers". The "lower layers" of the stack are "transport" (layer 4), "network" (layer 3), "link" (layer 2) and "physical" (layer 1). Kerberos ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One defines a method for the specification and encoding of arbitrary data structures. is part of the model of protocol layers, it is located within the "presentation layer" (layer 6). The approach of is to define an abstract syntax for the specification of structured data, and encoding rules for transforming structured data into a binary representation (which can then be exchanged). is the oldest encoding for , and a subset of it (known as ) is used for s. CDF Channel Definition Format is not used in practice anymore, and has been replaced by , which has been designed for the same application area. Lorel WebSQL Quilt has been presented as a proposal to the XML Query Working Group, and that group has adopted as the basis for development of a new language called . Development work is now focused on rather than on . XQueryX XQuery XML Syntax XQueryP XQuery XML Query XSL Extensible Style Language is a that can be used for displaying documents. Using is two-step process, the first step being a transformation of the document using , and the second step being the rendering of the result of the transformation, which is done using . While covers the same application area than , it is much more powerful, because the transformation step (using ) can perform arbitrarily complex transformations of the document, while is not able to make any structural changes to the document. SSL Secure Sockets Layer The primary goal of is to provide privacy and reliability between two communicating applications. is composed of two layers. At the lower level, layered on top of some reliable transport , for example , is the Record Protocol, which is used for encapsulation of various higher level protocols. One such encapsulated protocol, the Handshake Protocol, allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an and cryptographic keys before the application protocol transmits or receives its first byte of data. One advantage of is that it is application independent. A higher level can layer on top of transparently. For applications, a generalized variant of called has been developed. Telnet The purpose of the is to provide a fairly general, bi-directional, 8-bit byte oriented communications facility. Its primary goal is to allow a standard method of interfacing terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes to each other. The most popular usage of is for logging in into remote systems. In this scenario, the is the remote terminal (usually running some kind of terminal emulation) which is connected to a terminal driver program using the . TLS Transport Layer Security was developed as the successor to , and is nearly identical to , except that it implements an open and standards-based solution, more non-proprietary ciphers, better error reporting, and digests instead of simple . The structure of the start of a session allows negotiation of the level of the protocol to be used. This way, a or can simultaneously support and and negotiate the most appropriate protocol for the connection. DTD Document Type Definition A is one component inside an or environment. It defines the syntactic rules according to which a document can be composed. There are no semantics associated with the elements and attributes defined in a , although normally the names chosen for elements and attributes will have some meaning to them. Using a and an , a document can be validated against the , which means it can be tested whether it conforms to a given . is one example of an (which has been reformulated as an in ). DTD-- DTD++ Cisco Systems QUALCOMM Sun Microsystems NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NBS National Bureau of Standards Adobe Apple Philips Sony Mirabilis PIP Presence Information Protocol enables the exchange of document based virtual presence information. Virtual presence information is the foundation for virtual neighborhood services which provide users with information about virtual neighbors, ie other users who are close within the virtual document space established by the . also allows the exchange of simple text-based messages. PCT Private Communication Technology was designed by in an attempt to improve 's protocol. However, development of stopped when was generalized as 's protocol. UUCP Unix to Unix Copy AOL Amercia Online Yahoo! Novell CGM Open Xerox Panasonic Oracle Software AG LAMP Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP is a concept (or a philosophy) describing an open-source development platform. is fully based on open-source components, using as its , the as its , as its , and as its . Sometimes, the 'P' in is interpreted as meaning or , but in most cases it refers to . I3A International Imaging Industry Association DIG Digital Imaging Group On , and merged to form . PIMA Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association On , and merged to form . BEA Systems Microsoft TIBCO Extensibility Icon Altova XML Spy XML Authority XML Instance Motorola HyTM LTM Linear Topic Map Notation TMQL Topic Map Query Language TMCL Topic Map Constraint Language SAM Standard Application Model TMAPI Topic Map Application Programming Interface TMDM Topic Map Data Model XTM XML Topic Maps Topic Maps enable vast information resources (such as the ) to be classified and navigated in a consistent manner. They allow for the concepts or topics that underlie a set of information resources to be exposed to those people or applications processing the information. Information resources can be , , , and other s including paper. Topics are the concepts underlying what these resources are concerned with. A topic can reference zero or more information resources. In addition to grouping resources as "topic occurrences", it is possible to have meta level associations. This means that it is possible to define a link, or association, from one topic to another. provide a semantic layer that is not hierarchical, although it could be visualized that way, it facilitates navigation at a level independent from the information resources. IBM International Business Machines Mosaic Communications Netscape Communications Opera Software Axis Apache HTTP Server Jigsaw AXIS A XML Schema Integration System Scout IIS Internet Information Server Apache Software Foundation The is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust, commercial-grade, feature-full, and freely-available source code implementation of an . The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world, using the and the to communicate, plan, and develop the and its related documentation. In addition, hundreds of users have contributed ideas, code, and documentation to the project. In addition to the well-known and established , the project aims at developing a next-generation integrating technologies. WebCGM is a profile of the standard, tailored to the requirements for scalable 2D vector graphics in electronic documents on the . The profile is a subset of the standard, and a set of specifications targeted especially at the effective application of the standard to representation of 2D graphical content within documents. CGM Computer Graphics Metafile is a machine and independent interchange format that provides elements to represent geometric graphics (e.g., polygons or circles) and raster graphics (e.g., pixel arrays). It consists of a functional specification and multiple encodings for different purposes. There are three standardized encodings for , clear-text, character and binary. Clear-text is human-readable. Character encoding is more compact, but still uses characters, so that it can be interchanged without problems. The binary encoding is more compact still, and quick to encode and decode, but completely unreadable. WMF Windows Metafile has a number of limitations and shortcomings that have been addressed in the newer format. EMF Enhanced Metafile GIF Graphics Interchange Format is a data stream-oriented used to define the transmission protocol of -encoded bitmap data. images may be up to eight bits (256 colors) in depth and are always compressed. Despite the fact that supports only 8-bits worth of colors, and the multimedia extensions introduced in the release have not been widely utilized, still remains a popular choice for storing lower resolution image data. Any software created or modified after 1994 that supports the capability of reading and/or writing files must obtain a patent license agreement from Unisys Corporation. For publishing on the , is a good companion format for photo-realistic images, while has been designed to replace in the long run. GIF87 GIF89a JBIG Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group is the name of the committee that designed the that is also called . JBIG Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group is an standard that is mainly intended as an improvement of 's and recommendations for facsimile transmission. Apart from coding bilevel (i.e., black and white) images, can also be used for coding grayscale and color images with limited numbers of bits per pixel. It uses a lossless compression which typically reduces the size of the uncompressed image by a factor of twenty to one. only defines an , not an . compressed data is often stored in files. Pantone CMY Cyan Magenta Yellow CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Key RGB Red Green Blue sRGB standard RGB The aim of the is to complement the current color management strategies by enabling a third method of handling color in s, device drivers and the that utilizes a simple and robust device independent color definition. This will provide good quality and backward compatibility with minimum transmission and system overhead. Based on a calibrated colorimetric color space well suited to monitors, television, scanners, digital cameras, and printing systems, such a space can be supported with minimum cost to software and hardware vendors. CGA Color Graphics Adapter A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 320 by 200 pixels. EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 640 by 350 pixels. VGA Video Graphics Array A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 640 by 480 pixels. SVGA Super VGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 800 by 600 pixels. XGA Extended Graphics Array A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1024 by 768 pixels. SXGA Super XGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1280 by 1024 pixels. SXGA+ Super XGA+ A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1400 by 1050 pixels. WSXGA+ Wide SXGA+ A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1680 by 1050 pixels. UXGA Ultra XGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1600 by 1200 pixels. WXGA+ Wide XGA+ A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1440 by 900 pixels. WXGA Wide XGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1366 by 768 pixels. WUXGA Wide UXGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 1920 by 1200 pixels. QXGA Quad XGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 2048 by 1536 pixels. WQXGA Wide QXGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 2560 by 1600 pixels. WQUXGA Wide QUXGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 3840 by 2400 pixels. WQSXGA Wide QSXGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 3200 by 2048 pixels. QSXGA Quad SXGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 2560 by 2048 pixels. QUXGA Quad UXGA A referring to a video adapter capable of a resolution of up to 3200 by 2400 pixels. PAL Phase Alternating Line NTSC National Television System Committee SECAM Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire TV Television 4:3 16:9 ATV Analog Television DTV Digital Television SDTV Standard Definition Television HDTV High Definition Television 1080p HDTV 1080 progressive A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 1080 by 1920 pixels. It is a signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines. 1080i HDTV 1080 interlaced A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 1080 by 1920 pixels. It is a signal using interlaced build-up of the signal's lines. 720p HDTV 720 progressive A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 720 by 1280 pixels. It is a signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines. 576p SDTV 576 progressive A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 576 by 720 pixels. It is a signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines. 576i SDTV 576 interlaced A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 576 by 720 pixels. It is a signal using interlaced build-up of the signal's lines. 480p SDTV 480 progressive A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 480 by 720 pixels. It is a signal using progressive build-up of the signal's lines. 480i SDTV 480 interlaced A referring to a signal with a resolution of up to 480 by 720 pixels. It is a signal using interlaced build-up of the signal's lines. CRT Cathode Ray Tube LCD Liquid Crystal Display ELD Electroluminescent Display LED Light Emitting Diode OLED Organic LED TFT Thin Film Transistor DSTN Double-Layer Supertwist Nematic PDP Plasma Display Panel FED Field Emission Display DCT Discrete Cosine Transform Wavelet XML:DB SQLX is the name of an informal that has been formed to explore the technology and develop proposals for the part of the specification. In 2003, has been standardized by , and therefore the does not exist anymore. JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group is the name of the committee that designed the that is also called . JFIF JPEG File Interchange Format is the technical name for the better (but inaccurately) known as . This term is used only when the difference between the and the is crucial. Strictly speaking, however, does not define an , and therefore in most cases it would be more precise to speak of rather than . Another for is defined by the standard itself, but is much more widespread than . JP2 JPX JPIP JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol JPEG 2000 is a -based which has been designed as the successor of the popular . One of the most important differences is that includes a lossless mode for , whereas always used lossy algorithms. SPIFF Still Picture Interchange File Format is the "official" for images using the . Part 3 of the standard includes a fully defined for storing data. When the format was first standardized, disagreements among committees prevented a standard from being created. The de-facto format that appeared was from C-cube Microsystems. The , although now widespread, is very limited in capability as s go. is intended to replace , adding features (more color spaces, a recognized way of including text blocks, and so forth), and providing a backwards-compatibility allowing files to be read by most / decoders. , however, has a five-year head start on , so the likelihood of it being completely replaced anytime soon is not good. JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group is an that is designed for compressing either full-color or grayscale digital images of natural, real-world scenes. It does not work very well on non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line drawings. does not handle compression of black and white (1 bit per pixel) images or moving pictures. itself does not describe an , it only specifies the compression . Some s for exchanging images compressed with the are the wide-spread and the less popular . TIFF Tag Image File Format defines a tag-based that can characterize almost any form of 2D raster data using either or binary coding. "Private" tags may be used to allow additional parameters to be added to the descriptor. "Standard" allows the use of , , , , and compression schemes within transmitted images. Four photometric classes are supported: TIFF-B for monochrome, TIFF-G for grayscale, TIFF-P for palette-based coding, and TIFF-R for coding. TIFF/EP TIFF for Electronic Photography DNG Digital Negative PNG Portable Network Graphics JNG JPEG Network Graphics BMP PCX PICT RLE Run-Length Encoding G3 Fax Group 3 Fax G4 Fax Group 4 Fax APNG Animated Portable Network Graphics MNG Multiple-image Network Graphics MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-7 MPEG-21 DIDL Digital Item Declaration Language CEL Contract Expression Language REL Rights Expression Language RDD Rights Data Dictionary PDU Protocol Data Unit BNF Backus-Naur Form is a formal meta-syntax used to express context-free s. is one of the most commonly used meta-syntactic notation s for specifying the syntax of programming languages, command sets, s, and similar things. However, pure is rather limited, so the two variations and have become more popular. EBNF Extended Backus-Naur Form An is any variation on the basic meta-syntax notation with (some of) the following additional constructs: square brackets surrounding optional items, asterisk suffix for a sequence of zero or more of an item, plus-sign suffix for one or more of an item, curly brackets enclosing a list of alternatives, and super- and subscripts indicating the number of possible occurrences. All these constructs can be expressed in plain using extra productions and have been added for readability and succinctness. ABNF Augmented Backus-Naur Form Internet technical specifications often need to define a format syntax and are free to employ whatever notation their authors deem useful. Over the years, a modified version of , called , has been popular among many specifications. It balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power. BC Backward Compatible audio coding is one of two audio coding methods defined by the standard. It is backward compatible with audio coding. is comprised of three different and increasingly complex layers, and if all three layers are used, it is the audio coding most commonly referred to as . also defines a non backward compatible audio coding, which is known as . AAC Advanced Audio Coding is one of two audio coding methods defined by the standard. It is not backward compatible with audio coding, which is why it is sometimes also referred to as the "non backward compatible" audio coding of . provides more sophisticated audio coding than audio coding (the other audio coding method of , better known as ), but it is not as widely spread. UMD Universal Media Disc CD Compact Disc CD-ROM CD-R CD Recordable CD-RW CD Rewritable High Sierra The format is a logical format for media. It was used mainly between 1986 and 1988, after 1988 it was replaced by the standard for the logical format on media ( and are identical in content, but the exact format is different). CFS Cryptographic File System TCFS Transparent Cryptographic File System UDF Universal Disk Format JFS Journaling File System XFS Extended File System GPFS General Parallel File System UFS Unix File System HFS Hierarchical File System TLD Top-Level Domain A is that part of a which stands right of the rightmost full stop. Two letter s designate s, and three letter s designate s. gTLD Generic TLD A is a which is not specific to a country. Each of the s was created for a general category of organizations. Generally, under the s the structure is very flat. That is, many organizations are registered directly under the , and any further structure is up to the individual organizations. ccTLD Country-Code TLD A is a identifying domain names for a given country. The country-codes being used are the two letter codes defined by ISO 3166. The is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for s was made with the knowledge that has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list. exFAT Extended FAT NTFS NT File System FAT File Allocation Table FAT16 FAT32 M-UDF Micro UDF UDF Bridge ISO 13346 HighMAT High Performance Media Access Technology ISO 9660 The format is a logical format for media. It was standardized in 1988 and replaced the standard for the logical format on media ( and are identical in content, but the exact format is different). DAT Digital Audio Tape CD-DA CD Digital Audio VCD Video CD SVCD Super Video CD OSTA Optical Storage Technology Association MD MiniDisc IEEE 1394 FireWire USB Universal Serial Bus RJ11 Registered Jack 11 RJ12 Registered Jack 12 RS232 RS422 RS423 RS485 RJ45 Registered Jack 45 BNC British Naval Connector ATAPI ATA Packet Interface ATA AT Attachment PATA Parallel ATA SATA Serial ATA EIDE Extended IDE IDE Integrated Drive Electronics AGP Accelerated Graphics Port In 2004, (together with the ) has been replaced by the more powerful . AGP Pro is a for high-power graphics cards which can deliver more electrical power than the standard . PCIe PCI Express PCI-X PCI Extended is backwards compatible with the standard , but it uses higher bus rates. PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect In 2004, (together with the ) has been replaced by the more powerful . GSMP General Switch Management Protocol iSCSI Internet SCSI FCIP Fibre Channel over IP FC Fibre Channel iFCP Internet Fibre Channel Protocol SCSI Small Computer System Interface SAS Serial Attached SCSI S/PDIF Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface enables people to use multimedia computers and electronic musical instruments. There are actually three components to , the communications "", the and a distribution format called "Standard MIDI Files". In the context of the , the most interesting component is the . In principle, files contain sequences of messages. However, when messages are stored in files, the events are also time-stamped for playback in the proper sequence. Music delivered by files is the most common use of today. CFA CompactFlash Association FISH Flash Internal Semiconductor Harddrive CF CompactFlash MMCA MultiMediaCard Association MMC MultiMediaCard xD extreme Digital miniSDHC Mini SDHC microSDHC Micro SDHC miniSD Mini SD microSD Micro SD SDHC SD High Capacity SD Secure Digital Memory Stick SmartMedia RCE Region Code Enhancement DVD Digital Versatile Disc DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD Recordable DVD+RW DVD Rewritable DVD-RW DVD Rewritable DVD-RAM DVD Rewritable DVD-Video SACD Super Audio CD DVD-Audio DSD Direct Stream Digital ATRAC Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding MLP Meridian Lossless Packing CIRC Cross Interleaved Reed Solomon Code FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation HR Half Rate FR Full Rate is only used by very old mobile phones in s, all reasonably modern mobile phones use . EFR Enhanced Full Rate describes the mapping between input blocks of 160 speech samples in 13-bit format to encoded blocks of 244 bits, and from encoded blocks of 244 bits to output blocks of 160 reconstructed speech samples. The sampling rate is 8'000 sample/s, leading to a bit rate for the encoded bit stream of 12.2 kbit/s. The coding scheme is . AMR Adaptive Multi Rate CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction ACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction PCM Pulse Code Modulation LPCM Linear PCM DPCM Differential PCM ADPCM Adaptive Differential PCM VQF Vector Quantization Format MP3 MPEG Audio Layer III is built into so many software and hardware products that it will remain in widespread use for a long time. Even though it is inferior in encoding quality to newer compression methods such as , and even though it has no built-in support for mechanisms, will not disappear anytime soon. ID3 DCE Distributed Computing Environment is an industry-standard, vendor-neutral set of distributed computing technologies. It provides security services to protect and control access to data, name services that make it easy to find distributed resources, and a highly scalable model for organizing widely scattered users, services, and data. runs on all major computing platforms and is designed to support distributed applications in heterogeneous hardware and software environments. SDSL Symmetric DSL HDSL High Bit-Rate DSL VDSL Very High Bit-Rate DSL DSL Digital Subscriber Line is a technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper lines. The widely used term xDSL refers to different variations of DSL, such as , , and . Most technologies require that a signal splitter be installed at a home or business, requiring the expense of a phone company visit and installation. However, it is possible to manage the splitting remotely, this has been standardized as . ADSL Asymmetric DSL G.Lite HaXml Haskell and XML fxgrep FXT Functional XML Transformation Tool FXSL Functional Programming Library for XSLT EXSLT Extensions to XSLT Cω Comega E4X ECMAScript for XML XJ XML for Java CDuce XDuce is a typed that is specifically designed for processing . One can read an document as an value, extract information from it or convert it to another format, and write out the result value as an document. Since is statically typed, programs never yield run-time type errors and the resulting documents always conform to specified types. is more a research project than a for production-level applications. It has been used as input for the development process. XL XML Language XSLT XSL Transformations is a specialized for transforming documents. Even though it is part of and as such intended to be used for transforming documents into for presentation purposes, it is not limited to this application area. uses syntax (i.e., it is a in syntax), even though it is based on (which uses a -like syntax). is particularly interesting in scenarios, where documents must be transformed. XSLT 1.0 XSLT 2.0 NITF News Industry Text Format uses to define the structure and content of news articles (text and statistical data). It identifies structural pieces such headlines, bylines, paragraphs, table columns and footnotes. The subjects covered by the content may be indicated through the use of subject codes. Rich in-line markup can be applied to specify such things as organizations, events, places and people. Because metadata tags are applied throughout the news content, documents are more searchable and useful than pages. documents, like other news data may be contained within, or referenced from, a wrapper. AIML Artificial Intelligence Markup Language NewsML News Markup Language SyncML SLA Service Level Agreement A is a contract between a service provider and a service consumer about the that will be guaranteed by the service provider. WSOL Web Service Offerings Language WSML Web Services Management Layer WSML Web Service Modeling Language WSML Web Services Management Language WSLA Web Service Level Agreement WSCI Web Service Choreography Interface WS-CDL Web Service Choreography Description Language WSCL Web Services Conversation Language WSFL Web Services Flow Language XPDL XML Processing Description Language XPDL XML Process Definition Language XLANG WSIL Web Services Inspection Language XMLVS XML Versioning System GRDDL Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages is a method for embedding machine-readable data into an document. does not define any specific way of embedding this data, instead it uses for extracting the information from the document and producing . Using this method, the machine-readable data within the document can use almost any representation, because applications will always be able to transform this representation into by transforming the document with the associated with the document. RDDL Resource Directory Description Language is a combination of human-readable (by using ) and machine-readable (by using ) information, designed to provide information about some target. has been primarily desgined to describe by linking from ' s to any number and type of resources that may be relevant to the being described, such as schemas (s or s, for example) or documentation. Being based on the unsuccessful specification, 1.0 did not get a lot of traction. 2.0 thus was based on the more successful specification, but was never finished and has been replaced by (which is also based on ). WSRP Web Services for Remote Portals WSIA Web Services for Interactive Applications WSXL Web Services Experience Language WSMF Web Service Modeling Framework has been used as input for , which follows the same philosophy, but uses a more formal approach to modeling. WSMO Web Service Modeling Ontology WSM Web Service Mediator WSIF Web Service Invocation Framework WSDF Web Service Description Framework PMML Predictive Model Markup Language SBML Systems Biology Markup Language RuleML Rule Markup Language MEP Message Exchange Pattern A is a template that establishes a pattern for the exchange of messages between nodes. MEP Message Exchange Pattern s define the sequence and cardinality of abstract messages listed in an operation. s also define which other nodes send messages to, and receive messages from, the service implementing the operation. s describe the interaction at the abstract (interface) level, which may be distinct from the pattern used by the underlying protocol binding (e.g. s). WSDL Web Services Description Language WRDL Web Resource Description Language SSDL SOAP Service Description Language WDL Web Description Language WADL Web Application Description Language SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language LPD Link Process Definition FOSI Formatting Output Specification Instance XSL-FO XSL Formatting Objects is an vocabulary for the formatting of documents. Being part of , the normal way is to produce documents by transforming documents using . Even though the principles behind and (the other created by ) are quite different, it is planned to align the formatting model between and , so that formatting engines can be based on the same code, both languages can be used to achieve the same results, and formatted results will look identical. Xanadu is an overall paradigm, an ideal and general model for all computer use, based on sideways connections among documents and files. This paradigm is especially concerned with electronic publishing, but also extends to all forms of storing, presenting and working with information. It is a unifying system of order for all information, non-hierarchical and side-linking, including electronic publishing, personal work, organization of files, corporate work and groupware. All data (for instance, paragraphs of a text document) may be connected sideways and out of sequence to other data (for instance, paragraphs of another text document). This requires new forms of storage, and invites new forms of presentation to show these connections. On a small scale, the paradigm means a model of word processing where comments, outlines and other notes may be stored conceptually adjacent to a document, linked to it sideways. On a large scale, the paradigm means a model of publishing where anyone may quote from and publish links to any already-published document, and any reader may follow these links to and from the document. HLink XLink XML Linking Language defines how to insert links in documents. It specifies a framework making it possible for applications to recognize elements as having link semantics. In addition to the simple, two-ended, unidirectional links which are well-known from , allows more general links, which must not be embedded in the document, can have any number of ends, and can be multidirectional. AJAXLink AHAH Asychronous HTML and HTTP ITS Internationalization Tag Set XLL Extensible Linking Language was the term under which the development of and started, referring to both activities as a whole, but it is no longer used. FXPath Functional XPath XDM XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model is the foundation of and defines the for (and consequently and , which are both based on ). is built on top of the (the abstraction of an document), (type annotations in the as the result of validation), the simple datatypes of , and additional concepts. The most important additional concept is that of a "sequence", which embraces both simple datatypes and the -derived nodes. SPath XML Schema Path Language XPath XML Path Language is a language for selecting parts of an document. While is a full-fledged expression language which can be used for arithmetics, string functions and other evaluations, in most cases it is regarded as a way to select parts of an document by selecting nodes which match certain criteria. can be used as a stand-alone language, but in most cases it is embedded into host languages, the two most important host languages are and . The older was based on an internally-defined (a subset of the ). The newer is based on , a more complex and externally defined . is much more powerful than , it has a much larget set of built-in functions and supports methods for conditional processing and iterations. XPath 1.0 is based on an internally-defined (a subset of the ). XPath 2.0 is based on , a more complex and externally defined . is much more powerful than , it has a much larger set of built-in functions and supports methods for conditional processing and iterations. TAX Tree Algebra for XML DISARM Document Information Set Articulated Reference Model EXIS Extensible XML Information Set XML Infoset XML Information Set The is an abstract describing the information available from an document. For many applications, this way of looking at an document is more useful than having to analyze and interpret syntax. describes an through which the information in an (i.e., the information available from a specific document) can be accessed from different programming languages. XML Base XIndirect XML Indirection Facility XInclude XML Inclusions XPointer XML Pointer Language enables addressing into the internal structures of documents. In particular, it provides for specific reference to elements, character strings, and other parts of documents, whether or not they bear an explicit ID attribute. s can be used as fragment identifiers in references to specify a more precise sub-resource. Any fragment identifier that points into an resource must be an . is often used together with , which specifies how to use hyperlinks with . EPS Encapsulated PostScript PostScript is an interpreted, stack-based . Its primary application is to describe the appearance of text, graphics, and images on printed or displayed pages. A program in can communicate a document description from a composition system to a printing system in a device-independent way. is an unusually powerful printer language because it is a full programming language, rather than a series of low-level escape sequences. The latest version of , version 3, fully integrates . SPDL Standard Page Description Language ICE Information and Content Exchange TCPA Trusted Computing Platform Alliance TCG Trusted Computing Group GCA Graphics Communications Association IDEAlliance XPS XML Paper Specification PDF Portable Document Format is a for representing documents in a manner that is independent of the original application software, hardware, and operating system used to create those documents. A file can describe documents containing any combination of text, graphics, and images in a device-independent and resolution independent format. The advantage of over is the better accessibility of text within files, which can still be searched for text and can also contain structural information like a table of contents. PDF/E PDF/A is not an alternative to , it is a focused subset of designed specifically for creating documents for archival purposes. The most important restrictions defined by are disallowing multimedia content such as audio, video, or , and mandating that all fonts must be embedded. Mars is an -friendly representation of documents. The incorporates additional standards such as , , , , , , and into a -based document container. PDF/X is not an alternative to , it is a focused subset of designed specifically for reliable prepress data interchange. EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol BGP Border Gateway Protocol IGP Interior Gateway Protocol RIP Routing Information Protocol DVMRP Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol PIM Protocol-Independent Multicast MOSPF Multicast Open Shortest Path First PNNI Private Network-to-Network Interface OSPF Open Shortest Path First HTML Hypertext Markup Language is a simple markup language used to create hypertext documents that are platform independent. documents are documents with generic semantics that are appropriate for representing information from a wide range of domains. For example, markup can represent , , documentation, menus of options, database query results, simple structured documents with in-lined images, and hypertext views of existing bodies of information. MHTML MIME HTML UCD Unicode Character Database NFC Normalization Form C NFD Normalization Form D NFKC Normalization Form KC NFKD Normalization Form KD BOM Byte Order Mark WICD Web Integration Compound Docuument XHTML Extensible Hypertext Markup Language is a reformulation of in . is based on and uses some features of which are not available in (most notably, markup minimization), and consequently documents typically are not valid documents. redefines as an , and also gives some recommendations how to use the markup in order to make compatible with older browsers, which only understand (and thus may have problems processing syntax, for example the special form of empty elements). XHTML-MP XHTML Mobile Profile IP address IDN Internationalized Domain Name FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name A is a domain name that includes all higher level domains relevant to the entity named. FQHN Fully Qualified Host Name A is either the of a host (i.e., a completely specified domain name ending in a ), or the numeric of a host. Unicode defines a 31-bit character set. is closely aligned with . The most commonly used characters, including all those found in older encoding standards, have been placed in one of the first 65534 positions (0x0000 to 0xFFFD). This 16-bit subset is called the or "Plane 0". The characters that were later added outside the 16-bit are mostly for specialist applications such as historic scripts and scientific notation. New characters are still being added on a continuous basis, but the existing characters will not be changed any more and are stable. assigns to each character not only a code number but also an official name. A hexadecimal number that represents a or value is commonly preceded by "U+" as in U+0041 for the character "Latin capital letter A". The characters U+0000 to U+007F are identical to those in , and the range U+0000 to U+00FF is identical to . DHTML Dynamic HTML does not refer to a specific version or a specific feature of . It is an expression which is commonly used to refer to all features of which go beyond the presentation of static documents. The most popular mechanisms which are encompassed by the term are , scripts (in most cases -based languages, embedded with the <SCRIPT> element), and objects (embedded with the <OBJECT> element). also often refers to -specific extensions of particular mechanisms, such as extensions to the basic scripting methods, or the ability to dynamically download fonts. The "glue" between the different components which make up (mainly , , and a scripting language) is provided by . AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript and XML refers to the principle of using scripting to interact with an at some time other than the usual page navigation (initiated by clicking a link). Combined with techniques, can update parts of an document without having to reload the complete document. can provide a better user experience, because the traditional scheme of navigation can be extended to provide users with a more direct feedback. allows classical desktop application interactions such as drag&drop and auto-completion. RIA Rich Internet Application s are applications which go beyond the basic scheme of applications of presenting static pages which users can navigate by following links. s aim at providing users with a richer interface experience, this can be more traditional , or the newer approach. In both cases, a is used to provide better feedback to the user, trying to get the user experience of a -based application closer to that of a desktop application. XSchema GROVE Graph Representation of Property Values ESIS Element Structure Information Set UBL Universal Business Language DDML Document Definition Markup Language YAML YAML Ain't Markup Language WebSGML The standard has been updated with two annexes which add some corrections as well as new features to making some specifications possible which are desirable for using as the basis for and . Basically, the extensions allow a number of additional features to be defined in an declaration and . However, when using these features in an environment, it is necessary that both the generator and the interpreter of a document are capable of processing the extensions, since a conforming implementation does not have to implement the extensions. SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language is a markup language for structured documents. Being the foundation for , today is the most frequently used language for structuring documents. The rules for how documents of a certain type may be structured are specified in a , and every application of (such as ) defines such a . Even though has been very successful, it is also rather complex and contains a lot of obscure features which are rarely used (and implemented). Thus, when a new language for replacing on the was needed, rather than directly taking , a functional subset of was defined, which has become known under the name of . DSSSL Document Style Semantics and Specification Language is an international standard for specifying document transformation and formatting in a platform- and vendor-neutral manner. can be used with any document format for which a property set can be defined according to the standard. In particular, can be used to specify the presentation of documents marked up according to . consists of two main components, a transformation language and a style language. The transformation language is used to specify structural transformations on source files. The transformation language can also be used to specify the merging of two or more documents, the generation of indexes and tables of contents, and other operations. DSSSL-Lite was an early approach to define a profile (i.e., a functional subset) of in an attempt to create a version of which is less complex and still powerful enough to be sufficient for a large number of applications. never became an actual standard, but the work on it was used as input for the activity. DSSSL-O DSSSL-Online Based on results from the activity, was an attempt to define a profile (i.e., a functional subset) of . This profile should be less complex than full and particularly suited to the needs of online publishing. never became an actual standard, but it was used as the base for , which is used as the style sheet language for documents. PPTP Point to Point Tunneling Protocol L2TP Layer Two Tunneling Protocol PPPoE PPP over Ethernet PPP Point to Point Protocol is designed for simple links which transport packets between two peers. These links provide full-duplex simultaneous bi-directional operation, and are assumed to deliver packets in order. Although is not tied to a particular type of packets it transports, its most common use is the encapsulation of packages over lines. Basically, is similar to , but it has the advantages of not being limited to one type of it can transport, a configuration negotiation phase at the start of a connection (for determining connection configuration parameters automatically), and the possibility to use standardized procedures for automated login. The two authentication schemes supported by are and . SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol is a packet framing , it defines a sequence of characters that frame packets on a serial line. It provides no addressing, packet type identification, error detection/correction, or compression mechanisms. It is used for the same purpose as , which is the encapsulation of packages over lines. does not have 's configuration negotiation or schemes, which can make the configuration of connections more complicated. FLUTE File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport ALC Asynchronous Layered Coding LCT Layered Coding Transport FEC Forward Error Correction WHOIS SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to pass messages between s. Each message has a standardized header that is used to identify address(es) of the person(s) the message is to be sent to, the address and name of the sender (to whom responses can be sent automatically), and details of those nodes on the network through which the message passed. A number of extensions to have been defined yielding , which is mostly in use today. ESMTP Extended SMTP describes a framework for extensions of . still provides the basic mechanism for exchanging messages, but it has become apparent that it lacks some important functionality. Instead of defining a revised but static new version of , defines a mechanism how extensions can be integrated into the basic , and how these extensions can be used in an interoperable way. APOP Authenticated Post Office Protocol POP Post Office Protocol allows a computer to retrieve from a . It does not provide support for sending , which is assumed to be done via or some other method. is useful for computers without a permanent connection which therefore require a "post office" (the ) to hold their until they can retrieve it. is older and less powerful than , which is used for the same application area. ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is at the same layer as , its purpose is to transmit information needed to control traffic. It is used mainly to provide information about routes to destination addresses. redirect messages inform hosts about more accurate routes to other systems, whereas unreachable messages indicate problems with a route. Additionally, can cause connections to terminate gracefully if the route becomes unavailable. The ping command is a commonly-used -based service. NIS Network Information System SLP Service Location Protocol SMB Server Message Block AFS Andrew File System Port While makes it possible for two systems to exchange datagrams in a heterogeneous network environment, it does not support the identification of different processes on these systems. and as the transport s of the thus introduce the concept of a , which addresses a specific process on a system. numbers are 16-bit numbers, which are included in or packets and are used to address a specific process on a system. Gateway A is a device that connects networks segments on any layer higher than the network layer of the network (typically on the application layer). Related to s are s, s, and s, which also connect network segments, but on different layers of the networking architecture. Router A is a device that connects networks segments on the network layer of the network. Related to s are s, s, and s, which also connect network segments, but on different layers of the networking architecture. Bridge A is a device that connects networks segments on the data link layer of the network. Related to s are s, s, and s, which also connect network segments, but on different layers of the networking architecture. Repeater A is a device that connects networks segments on the physical layer of the network. Related to s are s, s, and s, which also connect network segments, but on different layers of the networking architecture. Firewall A is a special kind of that is used to block certain types of network traffic (typically, network traffic that is potentially dangerous). Most s work as packet filters, comparing the passing packets to a set of filter rules. Typically, the comparison performed by the packet filter involves the source address, the source , the destination address, and the destination . Filtering on source and destination addresses grants control over who may communicate with the internal network. All traffic from undesirable networks can be screened out. s, on the other hand, are used to distinguish network services. By filtering out a , it is possible to deny the outside world access to a service offered on the internal network. Proxy A is a special kind of , acting like a when being accessed by a . However, instead of servicing a request from a , the forwards the request to a , waits for the 's response, and then sends it back to the . A is often combined with other typical functionality, such as or . HTTP Proxy In the context of the , an is an intermediary program which acts as both an and an , receiving a request from a (in most cases a ) and then acting as an and making requests on behalf of other s. However, requests to an can also be serviced internally, for example if the uses its instead of sending a request to the origin . In order to use an , the 's request has to be explicitly addressed to the , which then sends a request to the origin . An may also perform a protocol conversion, for example a may send an request to the referencing an resource, and the then acts as to retrieve the resource from the using , and eventually the resource is sent back from the to the using . Cache NFS Network File System SFS Self-certifying File System CAP Calendar Access Protocol ACAP Application Configuration Access Protocol iCalendar iCal iTIP iCalendar Transport-Independent Interoperability Protocol iMIP iCalendar Message-Based Interoperability Protocol IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol is a allowing a to access and manipulate messages on a . It permits manipulation of remote message folders (mailboxes) in a way that is functionally equivalent to local mailboxes. includes operations for creating, deleting, and renaming mailboxes; checking for new messages; permanently removing messages; searching; and selective fetching of message attributes, texts, and portions thereof. It does not specify a means of posting mail; this function is handled by a mail transfer protocol such as . is newer and more powerful than , which is used for the same application area. TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol FTP File Transfer Protocol is a for file transfer between hosts on the . The primary function of is to transfer files efficiently and reliably among hosts and to allow the convenient use of remote file storage capabilities. The objectives of are to promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data), to encourage indirect or implicit (via programs) use of remote computers, to shield users from variations in file storage systems among hosts, and to transfer data reliably and efficiently. , though usable directly by a user at a terminal, is designed mainly for use by programs. BIND Berkeley Internet Name Domain implements an name server. It consists of a server and a resolver library. is an implementation of , both and . Development of is funded by the . has been ported to and , but is most often found on . source code is freely available and very complex; most of the development on the s is based on this code; and most vendors ship -derived implementations. As a result, the name server is the most widely used name server on the . 2PC Two-Phase Commit A is used for implementing distributed transactions. It consists of a prepare phase (where the coordinator asks all peers to prepare for the completion phase and to cast votes, and then collects the answers) and a completion phase (where the transaction is either commited or aborted depending on the outcome of the prepare phase). ACID Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability properties for transactions are required in most s. However, properties for transactions alone do not guarantee a reliable , other factors such as reliability of the operating environment and backup strategies are also very important. Normal Form A is a special subset of a given or that satisfies some constraints which are not necessary for the unnormalized form of the or . Because there can be different sets of constraints for a or , there can be different s for a or . XNF XML Normal Form NF² Non-First Normal Form 1NF First Normal Form 2NF Second Normal Form 3NF Third Normal Form 4NF Fourth Normal Form 5NF Fifth Normal Form 6NF Sixth Normal Form DK/NF Domain-Key Normal Form BCNF Boyce-Codd Normal Form XNS Extensible Name Service ENUM E.164 Number Mapping DNS Domain Name System is a distributed, replicated, data query service mainly used on the for translating host names to es. The three main components of are: the domain name space and resource records, which are specifications for a structured name space and data associated with the names; name servers, which are server programs which hold information about the domain 's structure and set information; and resolvers, being programs that extract information from name servers in response to client requests. GPRS General Packet Radio Service represents the first implementation of packet switching within The , which is essentially a circuit-switched technology. Using will enable users to send and receive data at speeds up to 115kbit/s. is very efficient in its use of scarce spectrum resources and enables operators to introduce a wide range of value added services. is ideal for bursty data applications such as or access, and can also enable "virtual permanent connections" to data sources, allowing information to arrive rather than being sought. This cannot be achieved using standard circuit-switched networks. AIM AOL Instant Messenger ICQ IRC Internet Relay Chat HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data SMS Short Message Service The is a very simple service for transmitting short messages (140 octets of user data) over the network. It has become a very popular service for mobile phone users. The and technologies have been designed to become the predecessors of . EMS Enhanced Message Service MMAP Mobile Message Access Protocol MMS Multimedia Message Service EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution is a technology for transmitting data over a mobile phone network. provides up to three times the data capacity of . Using , operators can handle three times more subscribers than ; triple their data rate per subscriber, or add extra capacity to their voice communications. uses the same frame structure, logic channel and 200kHz carrier bandwidth as today's networks, which allows it to be overlaid directly onto an existing network. IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 UWCC Universal Wireless Communications Consortium TWAIN SDMA Space Division Multiple Access FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA Time Division Multiple Access CDMA Code Division Multiple Access WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System RTP Real Time Protocol provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as audio, video, or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. does not address resource reservation and does not guarantee quality-of-service for real-time services. The data transport is augmented by a control protocol () to allow monitoring of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks, and to provide minimal control and identification functionality. and are designed to be independent of the underlying transport and network layers. SRTP Secure Real Time Protocol EPP Extensible Provisioning Protocol SCIP Simple Conference Invitation Protocol SS7 Signaling System 7 defines the procedures and by which network elements in a exchange information over a digital signaling network to effect wireless (cellular) and wireline call setup, routing and control. H.323 Mostly recognized as a , competes with . is more successful because it is easier to use and implement. SIP Session Initiation Protocol SDP Session Description Protocol IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange RTCP Real Time Control Protocol is the control that works in conjunction with . control packets are periodically transmitted by each participant in an session to all other participants. Feedback of information to the application can be used to control performance and for diagnostic purposes. RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol is an application-level for control over the delivery of data with real-time properties. provides an extensible framework to enable controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and video. Sources of data can include both live data feeds and stored clips. is intended to control multiple data delivery sessions, provide a means for choosing delivery channels such as , multicast UDP and , and use delivery mechanisms based upon . UDP-Lite Lightweight UDP is a which can deliver partially damaged data. provides a checksum with an optional partial coverage. When using this option, a packet is divided into a sensitive part (covered by the checksum) and an insensitive part (not covered by the checksum). Errors in the insensitive part will not cause the packet to be discarded by the transport layer at the receiving end host. When the checksum covers the entire packet, which should be the default, is semantically identical to . UDP User Datagram Protocol is a transport that provides a simple but unreliable datagram service. neither guarantees delivery nor does it require a connection. As a result, it is lightweight and efficient, but all error processing and retransmission must be taken care of by the application program. Like , which is the 's other important transport , is layered on top of . T/TCP TCP for Transactions SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol TCP Transmission Control Protocol is intended for use as a highly reliable transport between hosts in packet-switched computer communication s, and in interconnected systems of such s. is a flow-controlled, connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable designed to fit into a layered hierarchy of s supporting multi-network applications. provides for reliable interprocess communications between pairs of processes in host computers attached to distinct but interconnected computer communication s. Very few assumptions are made as to the reliability of the communication s below the layer. assumes it can obtain a simple, potentially unreliable, datagram service from the lower level s, usually . is able to operate above a wide spectrum of communication systems, ranging from hard-wired connections to packet-switched or circuit-switched networks. CNRP Common Name Resolution Protocol CPIM Common Presence and Instant Messaging XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol AMQP Advanced Message Queuing Protocol S⁵ Simple Standards-Based Slide Show System Slidy XIPr XInclude Processor XSLidy IMPP Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol VPP Virtual Presence Protocol BLOAT Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport UPP Universal Payment Preamble EIAJ Electronic Industries Association of Japan On , and merged to form . JEITA Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association CIFF Forum JEIDA Japan Electronic Industry Development Association On , and merged to form . IIM Information Interchange Model Exif Exchangeable Image File Format Many digital cameras store images using compressed files. compressed files use for . This means the image data can be read by any application supporting (uncompressed uses the format). In addition, stores within application segments at the beginning of the file, and uses as the default color space. It is recommended that image files should be named and arranged in directories according to the specification. JAR Java Archive is a platform-independent that aggregates many files into one. Multiple s and their requisite components (class files, images, and sounds) can be bundled in a file and subsequently downloaded to a in a single transaction, improving the download speed. The format also supports compression, which reduces the file size, further improving the download time. In addition, the author can digitally sign individual entries in a file to authenticate their origin. CIFF Camera Image File Format is not in use anymore and is replaced by and . SDDS Sony Dynamic Digital Sound Dolby Digital AC-3 5.1 6.1 7.1 DTS Digital Theater Systems THX defines a set of guidelines for audio and picture playback for movie theatres. Often confused with s, does not define standards for audio coding, it only defines the presentation standards that must be met during movie playback. Any may be used, as long as it provides the standards set by . DPOF Digital Print Order Format DCF Document Composition Facility troff nroff DCF Design Rule for Camera File System JEPI Joint Electronic Payments Initiative HTCP Hypertext Caching Protocol PEP Protocol Extension Protocol HTTP Extension Framework is being used for an increasing number of applications involving distributed authoring, collaboration, printing, and various -like s. The is an extension mechanism for designed to address the tension between private agreement and public specification, and to accommodate extension of s and s by software components. DDDS Dynamic Delegation Discovery System IP Internet Protocol is specifically limited in scope to provide the functions necessary to deliver a package of bits (an datagram) from a source to a destination over an interconnected system of networks. There are no mechanisms to augment end-to-end data reliability, flow control, sequencing, or other services commonly found in host-to-host s. In most cases, is used on top of . IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6 is a new version of which is designed to be an evolutionary step from (commonly referred to simply as ). It can be installed as a normal software upgrade in devices and is interoperable with the current . Its deployment strategy was designed to not have any "flag" days. is designed to run well on high performance networks (e.g., ) and at the same time is still efficient for low bandwidth networks (e.g., s). In addition, it provides a platform for new functionality (such as resource reservation capabilities) that will be required in the near future. IPsec IP Security Protocol IPcomp IP Payload Compression IKE Internet Key Exchange AH Authentication Header ESP Encapsulating Security Payload IPng Internet Protocol next generation Although is the most visible of the , there are many other s which are also part of the architecture and which also have to be changed when making the transition from to . In the context of , there are also a number of protocols which are new to the architecture. The common practice is to use the term to refer to all protocols which have to be changed or added when switching to . THTTP Trivial HTTP P-HTTP Persistent HTTP was one important step in the development of /1.1. The concepts of were incorporated in /1.1, so that itself is not relevant anymore. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the protocol used for information exchange on the . defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions a and an (which in most cases is a ) should take in response to various messages. uses a reliable, connection-oriented transport service such as the . is a stateless , where each request is interpreted independently, without any knowledge of the requests that came before it. The current version of (version 1.1) implements persistent connections (taken from ) and pipelining in order to use one transport connection for multiple request/response interactions. W-HTTP Wireless HTTP HTTPR Reliable HTTP HTTPS HTTP over SSL is a secure way of using . provides almost no security features, it contains only basic mechanisms, and no support for privacy. solves this problem by replacing 's transport layer, the insecure , with , a secure transport layer. In the near future, will probably be replaced by the more general protocol, but it is very unlikely that the already established name of will be changed to reflect this change. HTTPsec S-HTTP Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an extension of providing independently applicable security services for transaction confidentiality, authenticity/integrity and non-repudiability of origin. The protocol emphasizes maximum flexibility in choice of key management mechanisms, security policies and cryptographic s by supporting option negotiation between parties for each transaction. Message protection can be provided on three orthogonal axes: signature, , and . Any message may be signed, authenticated, encrypted, or any combination of these (including no protection). Several cryptographic message format standards may be incorporated into clients and servers, particularly, but in principle not limited to, and . -aware clients can communicate with -oblivious servers and vice-versa. Cryptographic s supported by include , two-key and three-key , , , , and . CPP Common Profile for Presence CC/PP Composite Capabilities/Preferences Profiles CDMF Commercial Data Masking Facility PageRank PEM Privacy Enhanced Mail IDEA International Data Encryption Algorithm is a symmetric block cipher. The speed of in software is similar to that of . One of the principles during the design of was to facilitate analysis of its strength against differential cryptanalysis. is considered to be immune from differential cryptanalysis. In addition, no linear cryptanalytic attacks on have been reported and there is no known algebraic weakness in . FLWOR For, Let, Where, Order by, Return expressions are one of the two main constructs of the language (the other main construct are expressions). They are comparable to 's SELECT, providing the capabilities to iterate over input sequences (FOR), bind variables (LET) define filters (WHERE), order the filtered results (ORDER BY), and finally return the results (RETURN). JRE Java Runtime Environment J2ME Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition J2SE Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition J2EE Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition EJB Enterprise JavaBeans JavaBeans BREW Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless WBEM Web Based Enterprise Management DMI Desktop Management Interface DEN Directory-Enabled Networking CIM Common Information Model DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Content Negotiation is an mechanism which is used to make a selection between different representations for a resource. Different representations can be characterized by language, quality, encoding, or other parameters which do not affect the content of a resource. defines two types of , -driven and agent-driven. In -driven , the makes the selection and sends a response with the representation of a requested resource which it thinks matches the user's needs, based on the request, available representations, and other information. In agent-driven , the responds with a list of all representations and the (or the user) makes the selection and requests the selected representation. EII Enterprise Information Integration EAI Enterprise Application Integration DRM Digital Rights Management is a for managing and controlling the access and utilization of digital assets. A popular example is audio, which is widely (and in many cases illegally) shared among users with the aid of various file-sharing applications. Some should be able to control this sharing of audio files by embedding licensing information in audio files, which can then only be played back by users having the appropriate licensing information (probably acquired by paying for the content). WSS Web Services Security MOM Message-Oriented Middleware CRM Customer Relationship Management SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol OTS Object Transaction Service CERT Computer Emergency Response Team cXML Commerce XML RSACi RSAC on the Internet IFLA International Federation of Library Associations FCC Federal Communications Commission RSAC Recreational Software Advisory Council ICRA Internet Content Rating Association XMP Extensible Metadata Platform VML Vector Markup Language PGML Precision Graphics Markup Language is a 2D meant to satisfy both the 's scalable lightweight vector graphics needs and the precision needs of graphic artists who want to ensure that their graphic designs appear on end user systems with precisely the correct fonts, color, layout and compositing that they desire. uses the imaging model of . was a proposal authored by and has been used as input for the development of . SVG Scalable Vector Graphics is a language for describing two-dimensional graphics in . allows for three types of graphic objects: vector graphic shapes (e.g., paths consisting of straight lines and curves), images, and text. Graphical objects can be grouped, styled, transformed and composited into previously rendered objects. Text can be in any of the suitable to the application, which enhances searchability and accessibility of the graphics. The feature set includes nested transformations, clipping paths, alpha masks, filter effects, template objects and extensibility. drawings can be dynamic and interactive. for , which includes the full , allows for straightforward and efficient vector graphics animation via scripting. Event handlers can be assigned to any graphical object. Because of its compatibility and leveraging of other standards, features like scripting can be done on elements and other elements from different simultaneously within the same page. sXBL SVG's XML Binding Language EML Election Markup Language MathML Mathematical Markup Language Jabber XML-RPC JSON-RPC WSE Web Services Enhancements WS-Security Web Services Security defines a standard set of extensions, or message headers, that can be used to implement integrity and confidentiality in Web services applications. WS-Eventing WS-Events WS-Notification WS-CAF Web Services Composite Applications Framework is a collection of three specifications (, , and ) designed to solve problems that arise when multiple Web services are used in combination(composite applications) to support information sharing and transaction processing. It is similar in scope to . WS-CTX Web Services Context WS-CF Web Services Coordination Framework WS-TXM Web Services Transaction Management WSTF Web Services Transaction Framework The Web Service architecture provides a set of modular protocol building blocks that can be composed in varying ways to create protocols specific to particular applications. The protocols present in , , and are mechanisms to create activities, join into them, and reach common agreement on the outcome of joint operations. These specifications provide a basis on which to build interoperable, distributed applications that desire to coordinate joint work. is similar in scope to . WS-Coordination Web Services Coordination WS-BusinessActivity Web Services Business Activity WS-Policy Web Services Policy WS-PolicyAssertions Web Services Policy Assertions WS-AtomicTransaction Web Services Atomic Transaction WS-Transaction Web Services Transaction Part I of the specification has been superseded by the specification. Part II of the specification has been superseded by the specification. WS-Referral Web Services Referral WS-Routing Web Services Routing WS-Addressing Web Services Addressing provides transport-neutral mechanisms to address Web services and messages. Specifically, defines header elements to identify Web services endpoints and to secure end-to-end endpoint identification in messages. enables messaging systems to support message transmission through networks that include processing nodes such as endpoint managers, s, and s in a transport-neutral manner. WS-Attachments Web Services Attachments XML-Enc XML Encryption XKMS XML Key Management Specification X-BULK XKMS Bulk Operation XML-DSig XML-Signature PSVI Post-Schema-Validation Infoset PI Processing Instruction XLIFF XML Localization Interchange File Format XCBF XML Common Biometric Format CBEFF Common Biometric Exchange File Format EMMA Extensible Multimodal Annotation Language SRML Simulation Reference Markup Language Ool Out-of-line XML JITT Just-In-Time-Trees Creole Composable Regular Expressions for Overlapping Languages LMNL Layered Markup Annotation Language XML Extensible Markup Language is a markup language for structuring arbitrary data. was designed to replace , which was deemed too restricted with its fixed set of elements and attributes. Because is based on , but itself was considered as being too complex for direct application on the , was defined as a functional subset (a "profile") of . defines types (often referred to as "schemas" or "document classes") with s, which originate from the document-centered view of . However, is very successful in scenarios, and as such is increasingly used for data exchange (as opposed to document exchange). Because data description requires other features than document description (e.g., built-in data types and type derivation), has been defined as a replacement for s, which makes more usable for scenarios. VoxML SALT Speech Application Language Tags OpenID Shibboleth AuthML Authentication Markup Language is no longer under development and has been merged with the effort into . S2ML Security Services Markup Language is no longer under development and has been merged with the effort into . SAML Security Assertion Markup Language is an -based framework for exchanging security information. This security information is expressed in the form of assertions about subjects, where a subject is an entity (either human or computer) that has an identity in some security domain. A typical example of a subject is a person, identified by the address in a particular domain. Assertions can convey information about acts performed by subjects, attributes of subjects, and decisions about whether subjects are allowed to access certain resources. DSML Directory Services Markup Language LDIF LDAP Data Interchange Format is typically used to import and export directory information between -based directory servers, or to describe a set of changes which are to be applied to a directory. is also frequently used by agents as file format for directory information (such as address books). is a text-based format which can be easily manipulated using text-based tools (for -based applications, is available as an -based version for information). GML Generalized Markup Language GML Graph Modelling Language DPRL Digital Property Rights Language XMCL Extensible Media Commerce Language PRISM Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata IPMP Intellectual Property Management and Protection IPMPX IPMP Extensions ODRL Open Digital Rights Language XBRL Extensible Business Reporting Language MDDL Market Data Definition Language FpML Financial Pro